Immune System
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders. These are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi that can cause infections.
Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibody
Optimal range: 0 - 0.45 nmol/L
At the normal neuromuscular junction, a nerve cell tells a muscle cell to contract by releasing the chemical acetylcholine (ACh). ACh attaches to the ACh receptor — a pore or “channel” in the surface of the muscle cell — twisting it open and allowing an inward flux of electrical current that triggers muscle contraction.
LEARN MOREActivated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Optimal range: 26 - 36 secondsAntinuclear Antibodies Direct (ANA Direct)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.99 Units
Antinuclear antibodies or ANAs are autoantibodies that react to substances within the nucleus of the cell. Antinuclear antibodies can react to almost anything with the nucleus including DNA, centromeres, histones, ribosomes, and other nuclear proteins.
LEARN MORECCP Antibodies IgG/IgA
Optimal range: 0 - 19 UnitsComplement C3
Optimal range: 90 - 180 mg/dLComplement C4, Serum
Optimal range: 14 - 44 mg/dLComplement C4a
Optimal range: 0 - 650 ng/mLCyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibody
Optimal range: 0 - 19.9 UnitsDilute Russell's viper venom time (dRVVT)
Optimal range: 29 - 42 secondsds-DNA Antibody, IgG
Optimal range: 0 - 29.9 IU/mlHistamine, Plasma
Optimal range: 0 - 0.99 ng/mLImmature Grans (Abs)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.1 x10E3/µL
Immature granulocytes are white blood cells that are immature. Whenever your body is fighting an infection, it will increase its white blood cell count, and more white blood cells will be immature.
LEARN MOREImmature Granulocytes (%)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.5 %
Immature granulocytes are white blood cells that are immature. Whenever your body is fighting an infection, it will increase its white blood cell count, and more white blood cells will be immature.
LEARN MOREImmunoglobulin A, Qn, Serum
Optimal range: 87 - 352 mg/dLImmunoglobulin D, Quant, Serum
Optimal range: 0 - 14.11 mg/dLImmunoglobulin E, Total
Optimal range: 0 - 100 IU/mlImmunoglobulin G, Qn, Serum
Optimal range: 700 - 1600 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant type of antibody, is found in all body fluids and protects against bacterial and viral infections.
LEARN MOREImmunoglobulin M, Qn, Serum
Optimal range: 40 - 230 mg/dLJo 1 Antibodies, IgG, Serum
Optimal range: 0 - 0.99 UnitsLiver-Kidney Microsomal Antibodies
Optimal range: 0 - 20 Units
These antibodies target a human body’s produced enzyme called cytochrome P450 2D6, a protein found primarily in liver cells which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism. The development of the LKM antibodies is strongly associated with type 2 autoimmune hepatitis.
LEARN MORELupus Anticoagulant
Optimal range: 0 - 0.1 GPL
Lupus anticoagulants are antibodies against substances in the lining of cells. These substances prevent blood clotting in a test tube.
LEARN MOREProthrombin Time (PT)
Optimal range: 11 - 13.5 seconds
Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot.
LEARN MOREProthrombin Time (PT) INR
Optimal range: 0.8 - 1.1 seconds
Prothrombin time (PT) is a blood test that measures the time it takes for the liquid portion (plasma) of your blood to clot.
LEARN MORERA Latex Turbid
Optimal range: 0 - 13.9 IU/ml
The rheumatoid arthritis (RA) latex turbid test is a laboratory test that’s used to help your doctor diagnose rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases.
LEARN MORERapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.001 Units
The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) is a test used to screen for syphilis. The RPR test measures IgM and IgG antibodies to lipoidal material released from damaged host cells as well as to lipoprotein-like material, and possibly cardiolipin released from the treponemes.
LEARN MORERheumatoid factor
Optimal range: 0 - 13.9 IU/ml
A rheumatoid factor test measures the amount of rheumatoid factor in your blood. Rheumatoid factors are proteins produced by your immune system that can attack healthy tissue in your body.
LEARN MORETGF-b1
Optimal range: 344 - 2382 pg/mL
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system.
LEARN MOREThrombin time
Optimal range: 11.3 - 18.5 seconds
Thrombin is an enzyme in the blood that acts on the clotting factor fibrinogen to form fibrin, helping blood to clot. The thrombin time assesses the activity of fibrinogen.
LEARN MORETryptase
Optimal range: 2.2 - 13.2 ug/L
Tryptase is an enzyme that is released, along with histamine and other chemicals, from mast cells when they are activated as part of a normal immune response as well as in allergic (hypersensitivity) responses.
LEARN MOREVegf, Serum
Optimal range: 62 - 707 pg/mL
VEGF stands for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. VEGF is a growth factor that promotes the growth of new blood vessels.
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