Acetic Acid can inhibit the accumulation of body fat and hepatic lipids without altering food consumption. It suppresses body fat accumulation by upregulating genes necessary for fatty-acid oxidation and mitochondrial processing. It has been found to

Akkermansia muciniphila may represent 3–5% of the microbial composition in the healthy human intestinal tract, and have a crucial role in the regulation of the gut barrier and other homeostatic and metabolic functions.

The marker "β-glucuronidase producing bacteria" is a significant indicator of the bacterial enzyme activity within the gut microbiome. β-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that plays a crucial role in the meta

Species in the genus Bacteroides carry out broad metabolic functions, including degradation of complex plant polysaccharides, proteolytic activities, de-conjugation of bile acids, mucosal barrier integrity, short chain fatty acid production, fatty ac

The marker "Bacteroides vulgatus" is an indicator of the presence and balance of a specific type of bacteria within your gut microbiome. Bacteroides vulgatus is a species of bacteria that resides in the human intestine and plays a critical

Beta defensin 2 is an antibiotic peptide locally regulated by inflammation in humans. It is produced by a number of epithelial cells and exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria and Candida, but not Gram-positive bacteria

A common component of the microbiota of the human gastrointestinal tract and in particular are amongst the first bacterial colonizers of the intestine.

The marker "Bifidobacterium animalis" is an indicator of the presence and concentration of a particular strain of beneficial bacteria within the digestive system. Bifidobacterium animalis is a type of probiotic, which means it's a good

Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis is a key probiotic marker in the realm of gut microbiome analysis. This bacterium is a member of the Bifidobacterium genus, which is highly regarded for its beneficial effects on gut health. B. animalis subsp. l

Bifidobacterium dentium is a notable species within the Bifidobacterium genus, a key component of the human gut microbiome. This anaerobic, Gram-positive bacterium is particularly recognized for its role in the oral cavity, where it's often assoc

Bifidobacterium infantis is a highly specialized microbe ("beneficial bacteria") that resides in the gut microbiome. Unlike most other bacteria in the gut microbiome, Bifidobacterium infantis (also known as "b in

Bifidobacterium longum is a specific species of microscopic non-pathogenic bacteria found naturally in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans as well as in most other animals.

Blautia is a genus of bacteria that resides in the human gut and is involved in various important processes, including the fermentation of carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids like butyrate. Butyrate is especially vital as it s

The Bradyrhizobiaceae is a family of bacteria within the order Rhizobiales, known primarily for their role in nitrogen fixation in soil. However, their presence in the human gut microbiome, although less commonly discussed, is gaining attention for p

N-Butyrate is one of the short-chain fatty acids produced by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria in the colon. It becomes a food supply capable of providing up to 30% of the energy needed by colon cells. N-butyrate improves colon health.

Butyricimonas represents a genus of bacteria within the gut microbiome that plays a pivotal role in intestinal health through its metabolic activities. These bacteria are anaerobic, Gram-negative, and belong to the phylum Bacteroidetes. They are nota

‘Butyrivibrio‘ is a genus of bacteria in Class Clostridia. Butyrivibrio crossotus are often found in the human gut and inversely associated with obesity.

Calprotectin is a marker of inflammation in the gut. Although it is not diagnostic of inflammatory bowel disease, calprotectin can indicate the possibility of Crohn’s disease, chronic ulcerative colitis, and/or the overuse of NSAID medication.

What is Candida spp.? Candida is a genus of yeast that naturally resides in the human body, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, mouth, skin, and vaginal flora. In small amounts, Candida plays a role in digestion and immune function. How

Catenibacterium, a lesser-known but significant genus of bacteria in the gut microbiome, is gaining attention in gut health assessments, including comprehensive gut tests. These bacteria are part of the natural flora of the human gastrointestinal tra

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), also known as chenodiol, usually conjugates with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choler

Cholic acid (CA), Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), Deoxycholic acid (DCA), Lithocholic acid (LCA) are the major bile acids related to gut microbiome. Bile Acids are natural products of cholesterol synthesis that aid in the emulsification and absorpti

Clostridia clusters XIVa represent a significant component of the human gut microbiome, particularly within the Firmicutes phylum. This cluster is predominantly composed of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. These organisms are known for their divers

The marker "Clostridiales Family XIV Incertae Sedis" pertains to a specific, yet not fully classified, group within the Clostridiales order, underlining the complexity and ongoing exploration in the realm of gut microbiota research. This gr

Clostridium spp. is part of the intestinal indigenous microbiota and they can produce several endogenous infections. - Clostridia are one of the most commonly studied anaerobes that cause disease in humans. - The Clostridium 

Clostridium hathewayi is a notable marker in the study of the human gut microbiome. This bacterium, belonging to the Clostridiaceae family, is an anaerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive microorganism. It has garnered attention in scientific circles d

Clostridium ramosum is a type of bacteria that can be found in the human gut, and its levels can be analyzed through a Gut Zoomer panel by Vibrant Wellness. This panel is a comprehensive test designed to give a detailed look into the microbial ecosys

Coprococcus, a genus of bacteria within the gut microbiome, is often analyzed in gut health tests to assess its levels and overall contribution to intestinal health. Belonging to the Firmicutes phylum, Coprococcus plays a significant role in the comp

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is a bile acid which emulsifies and solubilizes dietary fats in the intestine, and when injected subcutaneously, it disrupts cell membranes in adipocytes and destroys fat cells in that tissue.

Desulfovibrio, a genus of bacteria in the human gut identified through microbiome testing, plays a role in reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. These anaerobic bacteria are influenced by diet, particularly sulfur-rich foods, and the overall health o

Desulfovibrio piger, detected in a gut microbiome test, is a significant bacterium of interest due to its unique characteristics and potential implications for gut health. It is a species of sulfate-reducing bacteria, meaning it uses sulfate as a ter

Eggerthella lenta is a normal human microflora that is anaerobic, non-sporulating, and Gram positive. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that it could also be an important pathogen for humans, even causing life-threatening infec

Enterobacteriaceae plays a pivotal role in gut dysbiosis associated with IBD pathogenesis and progression.

Enterococcus species, when detected in a gastrointestinal (GI) test, can provide important insights into the health and balance of the gut microbiome. These bacteria are part of the normal intestinal flora in humans and animals and typically coexist

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) LT is a significant marker for gastrointestinal health analysis. ETEC is a leading cause of traveler's diarrhea and is also a common contributor to diarrheal illnesses in developing countries, particularly

Eubacterium spp. are of only minor clinical importance. They are normal flora of the intestinal tract and cause infection under opportunistic conditions.

Eubacterium rectale (E. rectale), which accounts for up to 13% of the gut microbiota in total feces in the human colon and thus, is one of the most prevalent bacterial species, is a major contributor to the production of butyrate. People with Crohn&r

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most important bacteria in the human gut flora and makes up to 5-10% of the total number of bacteria detected in stool samples from healthy humans. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii has a crucial role in maintain

Antigliadin antibodies (AGAs) are antibodies of the IgA and IgG classes found in the serum of celiac disease patients. These antibodies mainly target gliadin-derived peptides, which are the main proteins of gluten. AGAs are not specific for celiac di

Eosinophil Protein X (EPX) is a water-soluble protein that is found in eosinophils. EPX levels in stool are a marker of eosinophil activity in the gastrointestinal system. Fecal EPX abnormality is suggestive of food allergy, eosinophil-driven infl

Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein released by a type of white blood cell called neutrophil. Fecal lactoferrin levels are helpful in monitoring disease activity and efficacy of treatment for IBD.

Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) checks stool samples for hidden (occult) blood loss from the mouth to the colon.

A fecal pH test is one where a specimen of feces is tested for acidity in order to diagnose a medical condition. - Human feces is normally acidic. - The average pH for a healthy person is a pH of 6.6. Fecal pH is dependent in part on ferment

Elevated fecal levels of zonulin have been associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, and healthy cigarette smokers. High fecal zonulin levels in smokers irrespective of IBD point to the significant and undesirable up-regulation of gut permeability

Genus of gram-negative bacteria in the Fusobacteria phylum. Commonly found in the oral cavity, and may also be found in the intestine. Associated with inflammatory processes, as well as autoimmune conditions such as systemic sclerosis. Autoimmune

Lactobacillus species is a type of bacteria. There are lots of different species of lactobacillus. Lactobacillus bacteria are commonly found in the human gut, mouth and vagina. They are considered generally as “good bacteria”

L. acidophilus is a probiotic bacteria that naturally occurs in the human gut and other parts of the body. This bacteria helps the digestive system break down sugars, such as lactose, into lactic acid.

Lactobacillus animalis is a key marker of gut health, reflecting the composition and functional state of the gastrointestinal microbiome. This bacterium is a member of the Lactobacillus genus, which is well-known for its role in promoting gut health

"Lactobacillus brevis" serves as a fascinating marker of your gut health, offering a glimpse into the complex ecosystem of bacteria residing in your digestive system. This specific bacterium is part of the Lactobacillus genus, a group of ba

Lactobacillus d. bulgaricus (L. d. bulgaricus) is a beneficial bacteria found in the digestive tract. Intestinal bacteria is referred to as gut flora or microbes. This strain of bacteria may also be found in foods or supplements. When it’s

Lactobacillus Plantarum have been shown to: - Alleviate the symptoms of IBS - Help treat Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. - Accelerate the healing of intestines after illness. - Mitigate allergic reactions to foods such as soy flour

Numerous clinical studies suggested that L. reuteri may be helpful in modulating gut microbiota, eliminating infections, and attenuating the gastrointestinal symptoms of enteric colitis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea (also related to the treatment o

Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a probiotic with good survival capacity in the human gut, has well-documented adhesion properties and health effects.

LCA and DCA are secondary bile acids. These secondary bile acids are associated with disease. An LCA:DCA ratio greater than 1 is associated with increased risk of gallstones, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. 

The marker "Leuconostoc" is designed to provide insight into the presence and levels of Leuconostoc bacteria in your gut microbiome. Leuconostoc is a genus of bacteria that is often associated with the fermentation process of various foo

Lithocholic acid (LCA) is a bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.

Long chain fatty acids are a fecal fat. Fecal fats also include triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. They are derived predominately from the dietary ingestion of fat, and provide important clues about digestion and absorption.

Lysozyme is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of specific glycosidic bonds in mucopolysaccharides that constitute the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Lysozyme is an antibacterial defense present in the G.I. tract and is secreted by granulo

Presence of meat fibers is indicative of improper chewing or digestive insufficiency.

Methanobrevibacter smithii, a prominent archaeon (=a microorganism) in the human gut microbiome, is frequently identified in comprehensive gut health tests and plays a pivotal role in the intricate ecosystem of our digestive system. This microorganis

Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria commonly found in various environments, including soil, water, and human skin. While typically harmless, the presence of Micrococcus in the gut can provide valuable insights into an individual's gut health. Thes

MMP-9 is an important marker of intestinal inflammation. It has been shown to be significantly increased in the stool of UC patients compared with healthy controls and patients with IBS, and was found to correlate with the clinical and endoscopic act

Pancreatic Elastase is an enzyme produced by exocrine tissue in the pancreas. Fecal pancreatic elastase is a non-invasive marker of exocrine pancreatic function. In the digestive tract, elastase is not broken down by other enzymes and is eventually e

Peptostreptococcus is a type of bacteria that is part of the normal flora in the human gut but can become noteworthy under certain conditions. The Gut Zoomer panel is a comprehensive test designed to provide a detailed look at the microbial environme

Prevotella spp. is known for its ability to degrade complex plant polysaccharides (carbohydrates) and fiber. The "Prevotella" marker is a critical component for understanding the microbial landscape of the human gut. Prevotella is a genu

Prevotella copri is a gut bacteria that may cause rheumatoid arthritis. Studies consistently find different bacterial patterns in people with inflammatory arthritis vs controls.

Propionate is among the most common short-chain fatty acids produced in the human gut in response to indigestible carbohydrates (fiber) in the diet.

Propionibacterium is a genus capable of producing SCFAs, predominantly acetate and propionic acid. The genus Propionibacterium consists of two principal groups, cutaneous and classical or dairy. Cutaneous sp

Propionibacterium freudenreichii, identified in a gut microbiome test, is a significant bacterium that offers intriguing insights into the health and balance of the gut ecosystem. This species is part of the Propionibacterium genus, known for its uni

Opportunistic Bacteria associated with Autoimmunity.  Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity; May contribute to loose stools or diarrhea; Pets or wild animals c

Roseburia is a genus (=group) of 5 species of bacteria named in the 1980s after American microbiologist Theodor Rosebury. Bacteria in this genus are notable for breaking down sugar, and producing a short-chain fatty acid called butyrate which is impo

Ruminococcus obeum, identified in a gut microbiome test, is a bacterium of considerable interest due to its role in the complex ecosystem of the human gut. As a member of the Ruminococcaceae family, it is part of a group of bacteria that are key play

Fecal S100A12 is a novel noninvasive marker that distinguishes children with active IBD from healthy control subjects. Anti-inflammatory diet along with supplements such as fish oils, and N-acetyl glucosamine should be considered.

Sapovirus I, detected in a gut test, is a significant indicator of gastrointestinal health, particularly in the context of viral infections. Sapovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae family, is known for causing acute gastroenteritis, primarily in chi

SIGA (Secretory IgA) is the primary antibody that is protecting us from pathogens and toxins from penetrating mucosal surfaces. Its role is crucial in protecting the integrity of the intestinal epithelium. The antibody blocks the access to the epithe

Solobacterium moorei is an intriguing and less commonly known marker in the analysis of gut microbiota. This bacterium belongs to the Clostridia class and is a Gram-positive, anaerobic species. It has been relatively recently identified and character

Staphylococcaceae, a family of bacteria that includes the well-known genus Staphylococcus, is sometimes detected in gut microbiome tests. These tests analyze the diverse array of microorganisms present in the gastrointestinal tract, providing insight

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a crucial microbial marker in the context of human gut health and overall microbiome analysis. As a member of the Staphylococcus genus, S. epidermidis is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe that is part of the normal h

The marker "Staphylococcus species" on a Gut Zoomer panel by Vibrant Wellness refers to a group of bacteria included in the extensive testing to assess the health and diversity of an individual's gut microbiome. Staphylococcus is a genu

Streptococcus is a member of Gram-positive lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB) that belonged to Firmicutes phylum. Many strains of Streptococcus are non-pathogenic and occur as commensal flora on the skin, the oral cavity, n

Streptococcus thermophilus belongs to a group of bacteria called lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria are found in fermented foods such as yogurt and cheese. Streptococcus thermophilus are used as so-called "probiotics," the opposi

Total Cholesterol represents the combined level of cholesterol in the blood, encompassing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol. Cholesterol is

Elevated levels of Cholesterol in the stool may indicate inadequate absorption.

The Fecal Fat test helps your doctor identify if you have pancreatic or intestinal disorders. It can also show that enzymes, which are prescribed are working in the case of known malabsorption disorders.

Since most of the dietary fat is composed of triglycerides, excess fecal triglyceride levels indicate incomplete fat hydrolysis (maldigestion). This is possibly due to inadequate pancreatic secretion or activation of pancreatic lipase, which can caus

About one-third of the total fats in blood serum is composed of phospholipids, a fat containing phosphorus. A big proportion of these phospholipids is lecithin, which contains choline phosphate plus glycerol combined together on one part of the molec

Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) are the products of fermentation of insoluble fiber from diet (e.g., cellulose, resistant starch) by the bacteria in the gut. These fatty acids have been shown to play an important role in regulating metabolism in the g

Tyzzerella, a genus of bacteria identified in comprehensive gut tests, is part of the intricate ecosystem of the human gut microbiome. Though not as widely recognized as some other bacterial genera, Tyzzerella plays its own unique role in gut health

Shows inverse associations with diet quality. [L] The marker Tyzzerella 4 is a fascinating and important component when it comes to understanding gut health. This marker is part of a comprehensive test offered by Vibrant Wellness that evaluates th

Valerate is a Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA). It is derived from bacterial fermentation of protein in the distal colon. SCFAs are the end product of the bacterial fermentation process of dietary fiber by beneficial flora in the gut and play an

Presence of vegetable fibers is indicative of improper chewing or digestive insufficiency.

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme induced by anaerobic bacteria. Many toxins, hormones, and drugs are excreted from the body after conjugation to a glucuronide molecule. Beta-glucuronidase can uncouple these conjugates, freeing these potential carcinog