Acute cholecystitis is a severe condition that affects the gallbladder, an essential organ responsible for storing bile produced by the liver. This medical emergency arises …
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Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) is a rare metabolic disorder that is part of a group of conditions known as porphyrias. These conditions are characterized by …
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What is Acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your …
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Understanding Pancreatitis Acute: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
Acute pancreatitis is sudden inflammation of the pancreas, marked by sharp abdominal pain that may require urgent medical …
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Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare but serious endocrine disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones, …
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Understanding Adrenal Fatigue: Symptoms, Causes, and Management
Adrenal fatigue is a controversial concept that describes a collection of symptoms believed to result from chronic stress …
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Understanding Adrenal Hyperplasia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Biomarkers
Adrenal hyperplasia, often referred to as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), is a group of genetic disorders affecting the …
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Understanding Adrenal Insufficiency: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Adrenal insufficiency is a serious health condition that occurs when the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys, do …
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Adrenal tumors are abnormal growths that develop in the adrenal glands, which are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. These glands play …
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Understanding Albuminuria: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
What is Albuminuria?
Albuminuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of albumin, a type of protein, in …
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The disease is characterized by the …
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Aminoacidopathy: Understanding a Complex Metabolic Disorder
Aminoacidopathy refers to a group of inherited metabolic disorders that disrupt the body's ability to process specific amino acids—the …
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Understanding Ankylosing Spondylitis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, where the spine …
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Anorexia nervosa is a serious and potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and extreme measures …
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Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is a disorder where the immune system, which usually fights off harmful invaders like viruses and bacteria, mistakenly attacks certain proteins in …
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Understanding Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AADCD): Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency (AADCD) is a rare genetic disorder that significantly impacts …
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Ataxia is a term used to describe a group of neurological disorders that affect coordination, balance, and speech, making it challenging for those affected to …
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Introduction to Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, a chronic condition affecting millions globally, is characterized by the narrowing and hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup. This comprehensive guide …
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Autoimmune encephalitis is a complex and serious condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own brain cells, leading to inflammation of the …
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Basophilia: Understanding the Condition
What is Basophilia?
Basophilia, also known as basophilic disorder, occurs when your body produces an excessive number of basophils. Basophils are …
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), commonly known as prostate gland enlargement, is a prevalent condition among older men. This comprehensive article aims to provide an in-depth …
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Beta Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects the body's ability to produce hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen …
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Understanding Bipolar Disorder: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or …
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Understanding Cachexia: A Complex Metabolic Syndrome
Cachexia, also known as wasting syndrome, is a multifaceted metabolic disorder often associated with chronic, life-threatening illnesses like cancer, …
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Candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by Candida species, predominantly Candida albicans, is a multifaceted condition that can manifest in various forms depending on the affected …
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD): A Comprehensive Guide
What is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to a class of diseases that affect the heart and …
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Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, affecting genetically predisposed individuals. When …
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Understanding Cholelithiasis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones, is a prevalent health condition characterized by the formation of stones in the gallbladder. …
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Understanding Cholesterolosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Cholesterolosis, often referred to as "strawberry gallbladder," is a condition where cholesterol deposits build up on the gallbladder wall, …
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Understanding Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), is a complex and debilitating health condition …
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Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a slowly developing autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin that insulates and protects the …
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What is Chronic Kidney Disease?
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a common condition that many of us overlook. It’s a progressive disease that gets worse …
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Understanding Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): A Comprehensive Guide
What is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)?
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects …
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Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is a health condition characterized by the overproduction of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which are …
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to process bilirubin, a yellow pigment formed by the breakdown of red blood …
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Crohn's Disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by transmural inflammation, which can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the …
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Cushing's syndrome is a medical condition that arises when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long period of …
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Cysticercosis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
What is Cysticercosis
Human cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. You get …
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a prevalent pathogen with a wide-ranging impact on human health. Characterized by its ability to establish …
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Understanding Dehydration: Symptoms, Causes, and Biomarkers
Dehydration is a common yet often overlooked health condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it …
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Diabetes is a common, manageable condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, which can affect individuals of all ages. It arises when the pancreas does …
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex, potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the abnormal activation of the body's clotting mechanisms, which can lead to the …
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Dubin-Johnson Syndrome is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by chronic jaundice. This condition stems from the liver's inability to properly secrete certain types of bilirubin …
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Understanding Dysautonomia: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Dysautonomia is a complex and often misunderstood condition that affects the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions …
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Dysbiosis is a term that refers to an imbalance in the microbial communities that reside in our bodies, particularly in the gut. The human body …
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Understanding Endometriosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Endometriosis is a chronic health condition that affects millions of women worldwide. This condition occurs when tissue similar to …
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Understanding Epilepsy: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures, epilepsy arises …
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Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a widespread and persistent herpesvirus, is primarily known for causing Infectious Mononucleosis, often referred to as "Mono" or the "kissing disease." EBV, …
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Understanding Essential Fatty Acid (EFA) Deficiency
Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency occurs when the body does not receive enough essential fatty acids, which are vital …
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Fibromyalgia is a chronic health condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in localized areas. This disorder primarily affects muscles and soft tissues, …
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Functional Dyspepsia: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Functional dyspepsia (FD), also known as non-ulcer dyspepsia, is a common digestive disorder affecting approximately 12% of the …
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the …
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Gilbert syndrome, often referred to simply as Gilbert's syndrome, is a mild liver disorder characterized by an elevated level of bilirubin in the bloodstream. This …
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What are gliomas?
Gliomas are cancerous brain tumors that start in glial cells. These are the supporting cells of the brain and the spinal cord. …
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Understanding Glomerulonephritis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Glomerulonephritis is a kidney condition affecting the glomeruli, tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This serious health issue …
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Graves' Disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland, or hyperthyroidism. This condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the …
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Hashimoto's disease, also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to chronic inflammation and an …
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a common condition that affects the stomach lining and is a leading cause of peptic ulcers and gastric inflammation …
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Hemochromatosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that leads to iron overload in the body. This excess iron can cause serious …
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Hemolytic anemia is a blood disorder that typically happens when your red blood cells break down or die faster than your body can replace them …
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Hirsutism is a health condition characterized by the growth of excessive or unwanted hair on a woman's face, chest, and back, following a pattern of …
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Hyperoxaluria is a complex health condition characterized by an excessive excretion of oxalate in the urine. Oxalate is a natural chemical found in the body, …
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Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands in the neck produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the body. It's …
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Hyperprolactinemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Hyperprolactinemia is a condition characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is a hormone produced …
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Hypogammaglobulinemia is an immune system disorder characterized by low levels of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood. This deficiency weakens the body's ability to fight infections. …
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Hypogonadism: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Introduction to Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism is a condition in which the body's sex glands—testes in men and ovaries in women—produce …
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Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM) is a complex and progressive muscle disorder, classified as an inflammatory myopathy, characterized by a combination of inflammation and degenerative changes …
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Infectious Mononucleosis, often referred to as "mono" or the "kissing disease," is a contagious illness primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). This infection is …
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term primarily used to describe two chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: Crohn's Disease and …
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Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP), also known as obstetric cholestasis, is a liver disorder that can occur during pregnancy. This condition affects the normal flow …
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Deficiency anemia is a widespread health issue affecting millions globally, significantly diminishing quality of life through its extensive symptoms. This type of deficiency anemia results …
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder affecting the large intestine, characterized by a range of symptoms including abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and altered …
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Keshan Disease (KD): Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention
Keshan disease (KD) is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects the heart. It is named after …
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Kidney Failure: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
Kidney failure, or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), is a serious condition where the kidneys lose their ability to …
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Kienbock's Disease: A Comprehensive Overview
Kienbock's disease is a rare bone disorder affecting the lunate, one of the eight small bones in the wrist. It …
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Understanding Leaky Gut: Causes, Symptoms, and Effective Management Strategies
Do you suspect a ‘leaky gut’ is to blame for your digestive discomfort? Look no further …
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Lyme Disease: Understanding Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of This Tick-Borne Illness
Lyme disease is a multisystem inflammatory condition caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium …
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Lymphadenopathy: Understanding Swollen Lymph Nodes
Lymphadenopathy refers to the swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes—small, bean-shaped glands that play a crucial role in the immune …
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Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA): A Comprehensive Guide
What is Methylmalonic Acidemia (MMA)?
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that impairs the body’s ability …
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Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by features commonly seen in three other connective tissue diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and …
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Multiple Myeloma is a complex and aggressive hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Plasma cells, a type …
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and often debilitating neurological condition that affects the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. This …
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant bacterial pathogen known primarily for causing atypical pneumonia, though it can also be associated with a range of other respiratory …
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Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse group of blood cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, a vital part of the immune system responsible for …
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Understanding Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH)
What is Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH)?
Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia (NKH), also known as glycine encephalopathy, is a rare genetic disorder that impairs the …
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Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) represent a group of rare, diverse conditions that affect the nervous system and are associated with cancer. These syndromes are not …
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder that affects approximately 1 in 10 women of childbearing age, making it one of the most …
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Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by the rapid growth of skin cells, leading to thick, red, scaly patches on the skin. Normally, skin …
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What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis? Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
What Is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is an autoimmune and inflammatory …
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Understanding Sarcoidosis: Causes and Symptoms
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of tiny clusters of immune cells called granulomas, which can occur …
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What is Scleroderma?
Scleroderma, also known as systemic sclerosis, is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective …
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What is Sjögren’s Syndrome?
Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that happens when your immune system damages the glands that produce and control moisture in …
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What Is SIBO?
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth, or SIBO, is a digestive condition marked by an abnormal increase in bacteria levels in the small intestine. …
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What is Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
→ Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disorder of autoimmune etiology.
→ SLE is occurring predominantly in …
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Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders characterized by the body's inability to produce normal hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries …
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Thrombocytopenia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Key Points:
Low platelet count symptoms and treatment
Thrombocytopenia diagnosis and causes
Medications and procedures for low platelet count …
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Thrombocytosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high platelet count in the blood. Platelets are small cell …
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Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads …
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Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory condition confined primarily to the colon and rectum, forming part of a group of conditions known as Inflammatory …
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Alternative Names:
Bladder infection; UTI; Cystitis bacterial; Pyelonephritis; Kidney infection
What is a urinary tract infection?
A urinary tract infection is a very common type …
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Vascular dementia is a type of dementia caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which can deprive brain cells of the oxygen and nutrients …
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Vasculitides represents a complex group of health conditions characterized by the inflammation of blood vessels, a process that can lead to significant organ and tissue …
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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious health condition that encompasses two related disorders: deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT occurs when a …
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