Lipoprotein Particles and Apolipoproteins
Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream.
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Biomarkers included in this panel:
Apolipoprotein A is a protein carried in HDL ("good") cholesterol. It helps start the process for HDL to remove bad types of cholesterol from your body. In this way, apolipoprotein A can help to lower your risk for cardiovascular disease. A
Learn more- Apolipoprotein B (apoB) levels are used to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular disease. - LDL and its major protein, apolipoprotein B, play an essential role in lipid transport and metabolism. - ApoB levels are higher in males than i
Learn moreStudies have shown that the ratio of apolipoprotein A-1:apolipoprotein B may correlate better with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) than total cholesterol, and LDL:HDL ratio.
Learn moreApolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is a building block of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These related molecules all transport fats and cholesterol in the bloodstr
Learn moreThis test identifies 5 subclasses of HDL, 1 is identified as the large HDL subclass. Decreased levels of the large HDL subclass are associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk for CVD. Large HDL particles are functionally associated with an antioxidant
Learn moreReduced mean HDL size is associated with cardiovascular disease. Since HDL-C is primarily carried in the circulation by large, lipid-rich HDL particles, the inverse relationship between HDL size and cardiovascular risk can be secondary to those estab
Learn moreHDLs comprise a family of heterogeneous particles that vary by size, density, composition, and functionality. Two distinct HDL subfractions, large buoyant HDL2 and small dense HDL3, might exert differential effects on atherosclerosis and display
Learn moreHDL3-C subfractions are significantly and inversely associated with arterial stiffness, suggesting that HDL subfractions are likely more important than HDL-C in preventing cardiovascular disease. Broadly, HDL can be distinguished into two subfract
Learn moreHDL-P, a measurement of total HDL particle number concentration, may be a better marker of residual risk than chemically measured high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, the so-called “good” cholesterol) or apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1
Learn moreHigh-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise particles of different size, density and composition and their vasoprotective functions may differ. In the cardiovascular field, both HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and HDL particle size are independ
Learn moreWhat are Large VLDL Particles (Large VLDL-P)? Large VLDL particles, also known as very-low-density lipoprotein particles, play a significant role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. VLDL particles are primarily composed of triglycerides
Learn moreThis test measures the number of particles in each of the 8 LDL subclasses. Six of these 8 subclasses are small LDL subclass particles. These smaller particles are associated with rapid uptake into the endothelium contributing to accelerated atherosc
Learn moreLDL-P (LDL particle number) measures the actual number of LDL particles (particle concentration, nmol/L). It appears that LDL-P may be a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than LDL-C. Lipoproteins are particles that transport fats through
Learn moreLDL patterns A and B refer to the size of LDL cholesterol particles in the blood. Some doctors believe that small LDL cholesterol particles in the blood may pose a greater risk for developing atherosclerosis and heart attacks than the absolute level
Learn moreAn average size of LDL peak subclass particles measuring less than 218 angstroms, as measured with Ion Mobility, is associated with a 1.35-fold increased risk for CVD. Contributing factors: Genetics/demographics: - Genetic predisposition
Learn moreSmall LDL-P and LDL Size are associated with CVD risk, but not after LDL-P is taken into account.
Learn moreSmall LDL subclass particles cause plaque buildup to progress much faster because they enter the artery wall more easily than large LDL particles. A predominance of smaller LDL particles, referred to as Pattern B lipid phenotype, represents an athero
Learn moreLipoproteins are particles that transport fats throughout the body. These particles are essential and carry a combination of proteins, vitamins, cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid molecules. The composition of a lipoprotein particle chang
Learn moreLipoprotein(a) is a unique lipoprotein that has emerged as an independent risk factor for developing vascular disease. → Lp(a) levels are genetically determined1 and not affected by changes in lifestyle. → Lp(a) is a pl
Learn moreLipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), also known as platelet activating factor Acetylhydrolase, is an inflammatory enzyme that circulates bound mainly to low density lipoproteins and has been found to be localized and enriched in atheros
Learn moreThe LP-IR score assesses an individual’s insulin resistance level and diabetes risk.
Learn moreThese particles are associated with an increased risk of heart disease; more of these small particles lead to greater risk. Your Small LDL particle score can vary widely, with a lower score being much better.
Learn moreWhat is VLDL? VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your bloodstream. The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides, another type of fat, to your tissues. VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol, but L
Learn moreSpecial proteins, apoproteins, play an important role in moving lipoproteins around the body and facilitating their interactions with other cells. The most important of these are the apoB class, residing on VLDL, IDL, and LDL particles, and
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