Autoimmune Reactivity Screen

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH*:
*This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

- Addison’s Disease
- Adrenal Autoimmunity
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Atrophic Gastritis
- Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Graves’ Disease
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- Vitiligo

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease
Demyelinating Disease
Graves’ Disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Infectious agent exposure
PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes Toxin Exposure

Known Cross-Reactions: Streptococcal Protein

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Function: Tubulin is a building block protein and a major component of a cell’s internal cytoskeleton, called microtubules. These structures play key roles in many cellular functions including, interaction with guanine, lateral contacts, interaction with beta and gamma phosphates of nucleotides, interaction with gamma phosphate, longitudinal contacts, backbone interactions with α and β phosphates, hydrophobic contact of conserved residues, nucleotide contacts, MAP-binding domain and acetylation site.

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Alcoholic Liver Disease
Demyelinating Disease
Graves’ Disease
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Infectious agent exposure
PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes Toxin Exposure

Known Cross-Reactions: Streptococcal Protein

----------------------------

Function: Tubulin is a building block protein and a major component of a cell’s internal cytoskeleton, called microtubules. These structures play key roles in many cellular functions including, interaction with guanine, lateral contacts, interaction with beta and gamma phosphates of nucleotides, interaction with gamma phosphate, longitudinal contacts, backbone interactions with α and β phosphates, hydrophobic contact of conserved residues, nucleotide contacts, MAP-binding domain and acetylation site.

Function:

Myosin, the major contractile protein, converts chemical energy into mechanical force through hydrolysis of ATP. a-Myosin is almost exclusively expressed in cardiac tissue.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autoimmune Myocarditis [3]

- Dilated Cardiomyopathy [3]

- Myasthenia Gravis [5]

- Rheumatic Heart Disease [2]

Function:

Arthritic peptide, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, is an endogenous molecule associated with joints. This cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the second step of glycolysis and is found at low levels in serum. Arthritic peptide can stimulate KRN T cells when processed and presented by antigen presenting cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease [1]

Osteoarthritis [2]

Rheumatoid Arthritis [1, 2, 3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, dairy proteins, pork [4]

Function:

Saccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA), which is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes.

Antibodies Appear:

Behçet’s Syndrome with GI Involvement

Crohn’s Disease

Long-term use of Anti-Thyroid Medication

Ulcerative Colitis5 Vasculitis

GM1 is exposed at the surface of spinal motor neurons, and in the peripheral nerves, it is limited to the node and paranodal region. Low levels of antibodies can be found in normal individuals and in patients with certain autoimmune disorders, however, high titers may be helpful in the diagnosis of multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB), and paraproteinenia including motor neuron disease and multifocal motor neuropathy.

Asialoganglioside is exposed at the surface of spinal motor neurons, and in the peripheral nerves, it is limited to the node and paranodal region. Low levels of antibodies can be found in normal individuals and in patients with certain autoimmune disorders, however, high titers may be helpful in the diagnosis of multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMNCB), and paraproteinenia including motor neuron disease and multifocal motor neuropathy.

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Function:

Cerebellum is the part of the brain controlling movement and balance. Inside the cerebellar cortex there are large neurons called Purkinje’s cells. The Cerebellar antibodies test measures antibodies against the cerebellum Purkinje’s Cell Antigens.

Antibodies Appear:

- Autism

- Celiac Disease

- Gluten Ataxia

- Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Syndrome

- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome

Known Cross-Reactions:

gliadin, tumor cells, Milk butyrophilin

Function:

Collagen is a group of proteins found in the flesh and connective tissues. The most abundant protein of the human body, Collagen is the main component of connective tissue. Collagen is found in tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral disc. The fibroblast is the most common cell which creates collagen. In muscle tissue, collagen serves as a major component of the endomysium.

Antibodies Appear:

Arthritis [4]

Goodpasture’s Syndrome (*rat study) [1]

Type 1 Bullous SLE [3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Clostridium botulinum, RNA polymerase 20–32, Streptococcus pyogenes; [1] Porphyromonas gingivalis; [5,6] Klebsiella; [7] Chicken collagen; [8] Cow, Pig, Goat and Dog collagen; [9] Cow gelatin [10]

Function:

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is a large and diverse group of enzymes, most of which catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver’s cytoplasmic mass. These cells play a role in: protein synthesis; protein storage; transformation of carbohydrates; synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids; detoxification; modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances; and initiates formation and secretion of bile.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2 [4]

Chronic Hepatitis C [4]

Heptocellular Carcinoma [3]

Liver/Mycrosomal Autoimmunities [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

asialoglycoprotein receptor, [2]

gliadin [5]

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Atherosclerotic Lesions
Osteoarthritis  

BODY TISSUE:

Joint

Function:

Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD), a neuronal protein, is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD is also expressed by pancreatic beta cells.

Antibodies Appear:

- Battan disease [6]

- Celiac disease [3]

- Cerebellar ataxia [4]

- Gluten sensitivity [3]

- Polyendocrine autoimmune syndrome [2]

- Stiff-person syndrome [2]

- Type 1 Diabetes [2, 4, 7]

Known Cross-Reactions:

- Casein; [1]

- Coxsackievirus; [5]

- Gliadin; [7]

- Rotavirus; [9]

- Cytomegalovirus; [10, 11]

- Rubella; [12]

- Buckwheat, Amaranth, Rice, Corn, Yeast, Potato, Quinoa, Oats [13]

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH*:
*This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Battan Disease
Celiac Disease
Cerebellar Ataxia
Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity
Polyendocrine Autoimmune Syndrome
Stiff-Person Syndrome
Type 1 Diabetes

Identification of individuals at risk of type 1 diabetes (including high-risk relatives of patients with diabetes).

Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 within distal ileum.

Clinical Significance:

Autoantibodies against Intrinsic Factor are considered highly specific to patients with Pernicious Anemia. Intrinsic Factor antibodies are rarely found in the absence of Pernicious Anemia. Less commonly, Intrinsic Factor antibodies may also be found in patients with Graves’ disease and in relatives of patients with Pernicious Anemia.

Function:

Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune disorders.

Function:

Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune disorders.

Function:

Myocardial Peptides make up heart structure tissues.

Antibodies Appear:

- Acute Rheumatic Fever [6]

- Autoimmune Myocarditis [1, 2]

- Heart Disease [1, 2, 3]

- Heart Trauma [3, 4, 6]

- Rheumatic Heart Disease [6]

Function:

A star-shaped cell, an osteocyte is an abundant cell found in compact bone. Cytoplasmic extensions, which occupy canals called canaliculi, network osteocytes. Canaliculi are used by osteocytes for the exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Osteocytes are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanisms. Through a mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis, osteocytes can destroy bone.

Antibodies Appear:

Osteoclastogenesis [4]

Osteopenia [3]

Osteoporosis [3]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Phosphatase I, [1] gliadin [5]

Clinical Significance:

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1
Hypogonadism
Premature Menopause
Premature Ovarian Failure

BODY TISSUE:

Reproductive

Associated with:

- Gastric Autoimmunity

- Chronic Atrophic Gastritis

- Pernicious Anemia

Function:

Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes. They play a role in the formation of lipid bilayers. Most phospholipids contain a diglyceride, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule such as choline.

Antibodies Appear:

- Antiphospholipid Syndrome[1, 4]

- NIDDM [7]

- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [3, 6]

Known Cross-Reactions:

- Anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies [1]

- DNA [2]

- Cardiolipin [2]

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease

Arterial Thrombosis
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

BODY TISSUE:

Cardiovascular and Endocrine

Function:

Synapsin I, also known as phosphosynaspin I, is a major immunoreactive protein found in most neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a member of a group of neuronal phosphoproteins involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Synapsin I is present in the nerve terminal of axons, specifically in the membranes of synaptic vesicles.

Antibodies Appear:

- Demyelinating Diseases

- Inhibited Neurotransmitter Release

- Lupus

- Multiple Sclerosis

Known Cross-Reactions:

Gliadin (a protein of wheat)

Function:

Synapsin I, also known as phosphosynaspin I, is a major immunoreactive protein found in most neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is a member of a group of neuronal phosphoproteins involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Synapsin I is present in the nerve terminal of axons, specifically in the membranes of synaptic vesicles.

Antibodies Appear:

- Demyelinating Diseases

- Inhibited Neurotransmitter Release

- Lupus

- Multiple Sclerosis

Known Cross-Reactions:

Gliadin (a protein of wheat)

Function:

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein formed by two identical subunits. Tg is synthesized in thyrocytes and released into thyroid follicles where it is most abundant. Tg plays the main role in coupling of iodinized tyrosine residues to form hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), through its specific sites. In order to release these hormones, the thyroid gland has to reabsorb the Tg droplets from the follicular lumen into folicular cells. A small fraction of Tg (around 100 mcg) is released from thyroid on a daily basis.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 2, 3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [1, 2, 3]

Graves’ Disease [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroid peroxidase, [4] heat shock protein, [5] Latex hevein [6]

Function:

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that frees iodine for its addition onto thyroglobulin tyrosine residues for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormones.

Some TPO antibodies may lyse thyroid cells or inhibit TPO enzyme activity, in vitro [2, 7] but in general it is considered an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 3, 5, 6]

Graves’ Disease [3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis [2]

Vitiligo [3, 4]

Known Cross-Reactions:

Thyroglobulin, [9]

Gliadin, [10]

Helicobacter pylori, [11]

heat shock protein [12]

Function:

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that frees iodine for its addition onto thyroglobulin tyrosine residues for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid hormones. Some TPO antibodies may lyse thyroid cells or inhibit TPO enzyme activity, in vitro [2, 7] but in general it is considered an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease [1, 3, 5, 6]

Graves’ Disease (an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid hormones) [3]

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis (can cause your thyroid to not make enough thyroid hormone.)[2]

Vitiligo [a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or color.] [3, 4]

Known Cross-Reactions:

- Thyroglobulin, [9]

- gliadin, [10]

- Helicobacter pylori, [11]

- heat shock protein [12]

Associated with:

• Ulcerative Colitis

• Colon Autoimmunity

• Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Tropomyosin is a cytoskeletal microfilamental protein that regulates actin mechanics. Tropomyosin plays an important role in muscle contraction. Tropomyosin, along with the troponin complex, works with actin in muscle fibers and manages muscle contraction by regulating the binding of myosin. Tropomyosin isoforms are involved in the stabilization of actin filaments, intracellular organelle movement, cell-shape maintenance and cytokinesis.