Array 12 – Pathogen-Associated Immune Reactivity Screen
Serum
Performed by: Cyrex Laboratories
Array 12 – Pathogen-Associated Immune Reactivity Screen assesses IgG immune reactivity to pathogens that are documented triggers or exacerbators of autoimmunity. Array 12 contains a variety of pathogens including oral pathogens, gastrointestinal pathogens, gastrointestinal parasites, bacterial and stealth pathogens, environmental molds, viral pathogens and tick-borne pathogens.
- Tick-borne pathogens are obvious triggers of Lyme disease, however there are additional pathogens that haven’t been in the limelight.
- One example is the opportunistic bacterium Acinetobacter, which, due to cross-reactivity with neurological tissues, has been shown to play a role in multiple sclerosis.
- Giardia lamblia is well known as a cause of watery diarrhea, but less known for persisting in asymptomatic patients where the pathogen destroys intestinal villa thereby preventing nutrient absorption. Giardia can then cross-react with structural proteins such as tubulin and actin, which then triggers autoimmunity of the joints.
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Biomarkers included in this panel:
Acinetobacter is a non-motile, gram-negative bacterium. Acinetobacter may cause infections of the lung, urinary tract, bloodstream or surgical wounds. Due to cross-reactivity with major neurological tissues, Acinetobacter has been shown to play
Learn moreAspergillus is the genus of asexual spore-forming mold species common in many climates. It is found in soil, water and air. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus are common molds to which humans are exposed. Due to the incre
Learn moreBabesia is a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, which can result in subclinical or mild illness in most cases, but occasionally, in immunocompromised individuals, the reaction can be severe.
Learn moreBlastocystis hominis (B. hominis) is a unicellular protozoan found in the large intestine of humans. B. hominis is the most prevalent single-celled eukaryotic organism found in humans. It is a causative pathogen in irritable bowel disorders and the t
Learn moreBorrelia burgdorferi is spirochete class bacterium. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. burgdorferi afzelii and B. burgdorferi garinii spirochetes enter the human body through tick bites.
Learn moreC. jejuni is a gram-negative bacterium that causes severe gastroenteritis. Due to C. jejuni’s ability to produce lipoligosaccharides, the bacteria are able to invade intestinal epithelial cells. Beyond the gut wall, C. jejuni has been implicate
Learn moreC. albicans is a human commensal yeast. By penetrating the intestinal barrier this pathogen is able to thrive in the human host. Its inflammatory effect in the gastrointestinal tract opens the intestinal barrier, putting tissue and organs at risk for
Learn moreChlamydias are obligate intracellular pathogens. Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is a human pathogen that infects the respiratory tract and is responsible for some cases of communityacquired pneumonia.
Learn moreEpstein-Barr virus (EBV), or herpes type IV, is a DNA virus composed of linear double stranded DNA genome enclosed by a capsid and membrane derived envelope made from a variety of glycoproteins.
Learn moreC. difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated nosocomial diarrhea and colitis in the industrialized world. This gram-positive bacterium can reside in the human host without triggering serious clinical conditions, however, when the coloni
Learn moreC. parvum is a protozoan parasite that can cause gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea in humans. Through various mechanisms the parasite can manipulate the host cytoskeleton proteins, including rearranging tropomyosin-5 protein, actinin, villin, ez
Learn moreHepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family.
Learn moreCytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic herpesvirus belonging to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which is classified as herpes type-5. After primary infection, CMV can infect a variety of cell types such as epithelial cells of salivary glands, lar
Learn moreE. histolytica invasion may contribute to T-helper-2 bias and antibody production particularly against E. histolytica lectins and their association with tissue antigens such as phospholipids, actin and ANCA. By penetrating the intestinal tissues, E.
Learn moreG. lamblia is a flagellated protozoan parasite that colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine. G. lamblia causes giardiasis. Giardiasis does not spread via the bloodstream, nor does it spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Giardi
Learn moreH. pylori, a gram-negative bacterium colonizes the gastrointestinal system, where is interferes with intestinal barrier functions, induces inflammatory responses and can contribute to autoimmunity. Mechanisms of autoimmunity include molecular mimicry
Learn moreHeat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a mitochondrial chaperonin that plays a role in the transportation and refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix.
Learn moreHuman Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), belonging to the beta-herpesvirus subfamily, is a lymphotropic virus, which infects mainly T cells in vitro, causes acute and latent infections.
Learn moreKlebsiella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacteria. Array 12 assesses immune reactivity to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae uti.
Learn moreMycobacterium avium (M. avium) is a gram-positive, slow-growing bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content. It is present mainly in cattle and transmitted to humans by drinking unpasteurized animal milk. M. avium, M. bovis and M. tuberculosis ar
Learn moreMycoplasma refers to a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall, which makes them immune to common antibiotics such as penicillin. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma arthritidis and ureaplasma are common human pathogens.
Learn morePenicillium is a genus of fungi, which commonly grows on many foodstuffs such as cocoa beans, coffee beans, cassava flour, cereals, fish, peanuts, dried fruits, wine, poultry eggs and milk.
Learn moreOral bacterium P. gingivalis has been well-documented as a mediator of periodontal disease. Furthermore, hosts harboring this pathogen have been shown to have greater risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Researchers are elucidating the mechanisms by which
Learn moreRotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that is commonly associated with gastroenteritis in children. Repeated infections with rotavirus can lead to viral replication in intestinal cells. Changes in intestinal cells leads to intestinal barrier dysfu
Learn moreStachybotrys chartarum (S. chartarum) is a black mold that produces asexual spores. S. chartarum is the usual perpetrator involved in water/moisture/wet-damaged building illnesses.
Learn moreM Protein is an extracellular product of Streptococcus that contributes to the pathogenicity of the gram-positive bacterium. Antibody response against streptococcal M protein and its reaction with myosin may result in endothelial cell damage and the
Learn moreS. mutans is a gram positive bacterium commonly found in the human oral cavity. It is known to promote dental caries. S. mutans has been shown to elicit inflammation by stimulating cytokine production in the dental pulp below caries. When this inflam
Learn moreStreptozymes (NADase, DNase, streptokinase, streptolysin O, and hyaluronidase) are extracellular products, or exoantigens, of the streptococcus bacteria.
Learn moreY. enterocolitica is a gram-negative, bacillus-shaped bacterium. Y. entrocolitica can be short-lived as an infection. However, even if the infection is treated successfully, due to the action of various bacterial toxins and mimicry with human tissue,
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