The ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) test is a blood test that measures the amount of ACE, an enzyme that plays a role in blood pressure regulation. Higher levels of ACE can be an indicator of sarcoidosis, a complex disease with an unclear cause t

Volatile substances in the blood include ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Acetone is generally elevated in metabolic conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Methanol and isopropanol are highly toxic and result from exogenous ingestion.

Screening test for the factor V Leiden gene mutation and other causes of activated protein C resistance

Ammonia measurements are mainly of use in the diagnosis of urea cycle deficiencies (any neonate with unexplained nausea, vomiting, or neurological deterioration appearing after first feeding), and they play an important part in the detection of Reye

The ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) by IFA (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody) test with reflex to titer and pattern is a laboratory analysis used in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorders. This test detects antibodies that react against components within t

An ANA test detects antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in your blood. Your immune system normally makes antibodies to help you fight infection. In contrast, antinuclear antibodies often attack your body's own tissues — specifically targeting

Usually, the results of the ANA test are reported in titers and patterns. The titer gives information about how many times the lab technician diluted the blood plasma to get a sample of ANAs. The pattern of the ANA test can give information about

DHEA and androstenedione are made almost exclusively by the adrenal gland (although a smaller amount is made in the ovaries). These hormones appear in urine as DHEA-S (DHEA-Sulfate), androsterone and etiocholanolone.

This test allows for the detection of the presence of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase, which provides early evidence of autoimmune disease activity; its measurement has been shown to be useful in assisting the physician in the prediction, d

Anti-DNase B is a blood test to look for antibodies to a substance (protein) produced by group A streptococcus. This is the bacteria that cause strep throat. Negative anti-DNase B and ASO tests or very low titers means that it is unlikely you had

Histone antibodies are autoantibodies. These are antibodies produced by a person’s own immune system that target his or her own histones. Histones are proteins that are a part of chromatin, the genetic material present in the nucleus of almost

Anti-intermyofibrillar is a Antimyocardial Antibody (= AMA). AMAs are a sign of heart damage. Higher levels are linked to several forms of heart disease. They can be found in the blood before you have any symptoms of heart disease. Having the

Anti-sarcolemma antibodies are a type of antibodies that can be found in certain medical conditions. They are specifically associated with cardiac muscle disorders and are often detected in patients with conditions such as Dressler's syndrome aft

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are conditions in which the immune system attacks the joints and certain systems. They are often difficult to diagnose, as their symptoms can be vague, vary from patient to patient, and often overlap. Laboratory testing

The ASO test is primarily used to help determine whether a recent strep infection with group A Streptococcus:

This test measures the levels of a certain type of hormone in your blood called a B-type natriuretic peptide. This test gives you information about your heart. Providers use a BNP test to diagnose heart failure. If you already know you have h

The Babesia duncani WA1 IgG assay is used to detect antibodies due to infection of the tick-borne protozoa Babesia duncani in cases of diagnostic uncertainty or suspected chronic infection. The assay is performed by indirect fluorescent ant

Doctors often suspect C. difficile in anyone who has diarrhea and who has other risk factors for C. difficile.  Clostridium difficile (klos-TRID-e-um dif-uh-SEEL), also known as Clostridioides difficile and often referred to as C. difficile o

Determine the extent of carbon monoxide poisoning, toxicity; check on the effect of smoking on the patient; work up headache, irritability, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, dyspnea, collapse, coma, convulsions; work up persons exposed to fires and smoke in

A cold agglutinin test may be used to help detect cold agglutinin disease and determine the cause of a person’s hemolytic anemia. It may be used as a follow-up test after a complete blood count (CBC) shows a decrease in a person’s red blo

Copper is part of enzymes, which are proteins that help biochemical reactions occur in every cell. Copper is involved in the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron. The symptoms of a copper deficiency are similar to iron deficiency anemia. The li

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid that is produced by both the adrenal cortex and the testis. The levels of this steroid increase before the onset of puberty (adrenarche) and decrease significantly with age. DHEA and DHEA-S are the major

Quantitation of alcohol level for medical or legal purposes; test unconscious patients; used to diagnose alcohol intoxication and determine appropriate therapy; detect alcoholism and to monitor ethanol treatment for methanol intoxication. Must be tes

Casein is a major allergen in milk and the main protein constituent in cheese. Milk protein or casein intolerance occurs when the body has a food-specific IgG antibody response to the protein found in milk. This is not to be confused with lactose int

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to specific allergens have not been proved to be involved in pathogenesis of disease. The presence of IgG against otherwise innocuous antigens (such as foods) in serum simply indicates that the individual has been ex

The F2-isoprostane/creatinine ratio is the "gold standard" for measuring oxidative stress and has utility in individuals who have lifestyle risks due to poor diet or smoking, a family history of cardiovascular disease, or hyperlipidemia.

Increases in neutral fat are commonly associated with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

Increase in stool total fats (neutral fats, soaps, and fatty acids) is likely to be associated with small bowel disease.

Folate is a water-soluble vitamin essential for cell growth and division. RBC folate determination is obtained by measuring the folate concentration in a whole blood (WB) hemolysate solution and dividing it by the patient’s hematocrit (Hct; %).

Folates are compounds of pteroylglutamic acid (PGA) that function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions involving the transfer of single-carbon units from a donor to a recipient compound. Folate, with vitamin B12, is essential for DNA synthesis, which

This test measures the amount of G6PD in red blood cells to help diagnose a G6PD deficiency. G6PD deficiency is an inherited condition. It is when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase).

This test measures the amount of G6PD in red blood cells to help diagnose a G6PD deficiency. G6PD deficiency is an inherited condition. It is when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase).

- Aiding in the prognosis for people diagnosed with heart failure - Risk-stratification of heart failure people - An early indication of treatment failure and as a therapeutic target Galectin-3 can be used in conjunction with clinical evaluation

The Hexagonal Phospholipid Neutralization test is a laboratory test used to detect lupus anticoagulants, which are antibodies that can lead to blood clotting problems. It is highly sensitive but may require additional tests for confirmation in the cl

This test measures the amount of histamine in the blood. Histamine is a substance that is released from specialized cells called mast cells when they are activated, often as part of an allergic immune response.

Anti-C1q autoantibodies are indicative for lupus nephritis, but can also be found in other conditions and inflammatory diseases. Circulating immune complexes can be demonstrated in rheumatic, infectious, and neoplastic diseases, as well as most im

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a promising marker for many clinical conditions and currently being applied by various subspecialties of medicine either for the purpose of rapid diagnosis or as a predictor of prognosis. Nevertheless, IL-8 level increased as

Volatile substances in the blood include ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Acetone is generally elevated in metabolic conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis. Methanol and isopropanol are highly toxic and result from exogenous ingestion.

Detect possible allergic responses to various substances in the environment such as animals, antibiotics, foods, grasses, house dust, mites, insects, insulin, molds, smuts, trees, and weeds; evaluate hay fever, asthma, atopic eczema, and respiratory

This test measures the level of lactic acid, also known as lactate, in your blood. Lactic acid is a substance made by muscle tissue and by red blood cells, which carry oxygen from your lungs to other parts of your body. Normally, the level of lactic

M-protein is an abnormal protein produced by myeloma cells that accumulates in and damages bone and bone marrow.

Toxic exposure may occur from dry cells, fungicide (maneb), and in the steel industry or chemical industry. Manganese is present in the coloring agents for glass and soap, in paints, varnish, enamel, and in linoleum. It is used in the manufacture of

The Manganese (Mn) content in the adult human is 11.0 to 23 ng/mL. About 25% is stored in the skeleton. Within each cell, Manganese is concentrated in the mitochondria. Bone, liver, and pancreas tend to have the highest concentrations. Mn is an im

Melanocyte-Stimulating hormone (MSH) characterizes a group of hormones made by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and skin cells. MSH is essential for preserving the skin from ultraviolet rays, the development of pigmentation, and controlling appetit

Detecting methanol in cases of accidental ingestion, or intentional ingestion by potential suicide victims or alcoholics. The presence of methanol indicates exposure which may result in intoxication, central nervous system (CNS) depression, and me

Infectious mononucleosis, or mono, is a disease most frequently caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The viruses that cause mono are commonly spread through bodily fluids, especially saliva. While less common, transmission may also

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function. - N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molec

A Platelet Neutralization test in a blood test is a specialized laboratory test used to detect the presence of lupus anticoagulants (LAs), which are autoantibodies associated with blood clotting disorders such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). It i

Procollagen I intact N-terminal propeptide (PINP) values should not be used as a screening test for osteoporosis in the general population. PINP is used to monitor bone formation and antiresorptive therapies. PINP should be measured prior to the star

Protein C is a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein.  Protein C helps control blood clotting. A lack of this protein or a problem with the function of this protein may cause blood clots to form in veins. The test is also used to screen rel

Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein, RNP, are found often in very high levels in patients with a variety of systemic rheumatic diseases, including SLE, progressive systemic sclerosis and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, a distinct disease entity with ove

A rubella blood test checks to see if you have antibodies to the rubella virus. Antibodies are proteins your immune system makes to help fight infections and keep you from getting sick. They're targeted to specific germs, viruses, and other invad

Serotonin plays important roles in the resolution of mood, sleep, and appetite. Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesized by enzymes that act on tryptophan and/or 5-HTP. Neurotransmitters are divided

Sirolimus is often referred to by the brand name Rapamune. Sirolimus is an immunosuppressant drug used in the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients receiving transplants. Sirolimus can be used in combination with ciclosporin, tacrolimus or

S stercoralis has a complex lifecycle that begins with maturation to the infective filariform larva in warm, moist soil. The larvae subsequently penetrate exposed skin and migrate hematogenously to the lungs, from where they ascend the bronchial

The marker “Testost., F+W Bound” stands for Testosterone Free and Weakly Bound. Free and weakly bound testosterone, also referred to as bioavailable testosterone, is thought to reflect an individual’s biologically active, circulatin

Thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) is produced in the liver and is the primary circulating (transport) protein that binds thyroid hormones3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and carries them in the bloodstream.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that is capable of infecting a variety of intermediate hosts including humans. Infected definitive hosts (cats) shed oocysts in feces that rapidly mature in the soil and become in

Treponema pallidum antibodies are specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infection with Treponema pallidum, the bacterium responsible for causing syphilis. These antibodies play a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring

Valproate is an alternative drug in the treatment of complex partial seizures but may be considered for initial therapy in patients with partial and secondarily generalized seizures. Valproic acid is used as an anticonvulsant to treat certain type

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a herpes virus, causes 2 distinct rash-associated diseases: 1) chickenpox (varicella) and 2) herpes zoster (shingles). Chickenpox is a highly contagious, though typically benign, disease, usually contracted during

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (= VIP) is a neurotransmitter, widely distributed through the central and peripheral nervous system with the highest concentration occurring in the submucosal postganglionic intrinsic nerves of the intestinal tract. 

What is Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)? Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is a normal metabolite that accumulates in trace amounts in erythrocytes (Red blood cells) during hemoglobin (=a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) synthesis (=the productio

Zinc Transporter 8 Autoantibodies - ZnT8 antibody distinguishes type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. - ZnT8 antibody identifies relatives of diabetic patients at most risk for developing diabetes. - ZnT8 antibody predicts the future nee