The marker % Free Copper on a Nutristat test signifies the proportion of unbound or available copper in the bloodstream. This measurement helps assess the balance between free copper and the copper bound to proteins like ceruloplasmin. Abnormaliti

1-methylhistidine is derived from the dipeptide anserine (which consists of the amino acids 1-methylhistidine and beta-alanine). Anserine and its derivatives are associated with the consumption of poultry and fish. Both 1-methylhistidine and 3-methyl

Both 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine are histidine metabolites which have been proposed as markers of meat intake. Note that some confusion exists in the literature regarding the numbering of atoms in the imidazole ring of histidine – 1

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5HIAA are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels

Alcohol consumption can result in elevations of the plasma Alpha-ANB/Leucine ratio. But to see this biomarker as a conclusive marker for alcoholism is not proven. The increase in the plasma Alpha-ANB/Leucine ratio does not appear to be specific

Of the essential amino acids, there are three branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). Unlike most amino acids, the initial step of branchedchain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism does not take place in the liver. They increase rapi

Isocitric Acid is converted to α-ketoglutaric acid using the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Alphaketoglutarate is a rate-determining intermediate in the Citric Acid Cycle and provides an important source of glutamine and glutamate that stimul

Of the essential amino acids, there are three branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). Unlike most amino acids, the initial step of branchedchain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism does not take place in the liver. They increase rapi

Of the essential amino acids, there are three branchedchain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). Unlike most amino acids, the initial step of branchedchain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism does not take place in the liver. They increase rapi

This test measures the ratio of arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in plasma. This ratio of the principle omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is a measure of the body’s eicosanoid balance. Balancing these eicosanoids in the body i

Adipic acid is an organic compound commonly found in a variety of foods, especially those containing artificial flavors and additives. It is a significant component in the production of nylon and other synthetic fibers but is also present in small am

Alanine is a nonessential amino acid. It is the second most abundant amino acid in circulation, after glutamine. It is found in many foods including eggs, meat, lentils, and fish. Alanine is involved in sugar metabolism for energy and is important in

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is plant-based essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained through the diet.

Alpha-aminoadipic acid (a-Aminoadipic acid) is an intermediary metabolite of lysine (primarily) and of tryptophan.

Alpha amniobutyric acid (AABA), also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB), is an intermediate formed during the catabolism of methionine and threonine. Increases in AABA occur secondary to elevations of either methionine or threonine. AABA bec

SOURCES: Found in virtually all foodand food additives, water, air, and soil. Also found in antacids, antiperspirants, cosmetics, astringents, cans, pots, pans, siding, roofing, and foil. NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS: Calcium deficiency, citric aci

Anserine (beta-alanyl-3-methyl-histidine) is a urinary biomarker from the consumption of poultry and fish. It is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids 1-methylhistidine and beta-alanine. The enzyme carnosineN-methyl transferase catalyzes the tran

SOURCES: Found naturally in the environment, air, soil, water. Found in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, pewter, bearings and castings, paints, ceramics, fireworks, plastic enamels, metal and glass. Sometimes used medica

Arachidic acid (also called eicosanoic acid) is a long-chain saturated fatty acid. It is the elongation product of stearic acid and can be utilized as an energy source to build membranes.

Arachidonic acid is an inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid. Our bodies produce this nutrient, and its excess may lead to inflammatory diseases and mood disorders.

Arginine is found in all protein foods and is very abundant in seeds and nuts. It is considered a semi-essential amino acid during early development, infection/inflammation, or renal and/or intestinal impairment.

Sources: Found in water, air, soil, cigarettes, and cosmetics. Food grown in contaminated water sources, such as rice and vegetables, or fish, are a common source. Major sources of occupational exposureis the manufacture of pes

Asparagine is a non-essential protein amino acid that is present in many fruits and vegetables including asparagus, from which it gets its name. Other dietary sources include meat, potatoes, eggs, nuts, and dairy. It can also be formed from aspartic

Aspartic acid is a nonessential amino acid that plays roles in many important metabolic processes, such as energy production (citric acid cycle), hormone metabolism, CNS activation, and the urea cycle. It is found in many protein sources such as oyst

Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10.

β-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body. During periods of fasting, exercise, and metabolic disease, ketone bodies are generated in the liver and become an energy source instead of glucose.

Behenic acid is a saturated fatty acids, in particular it is part of the group of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs).

Beryllium is a silvery-white metal that is lighter than aluminum but stronger than steel. Its strength-to-weight ratio, reflectivity, transparency to X-rays, thermal stability and conductivity, and high melting point makes it an essential material in

β-alanine is a breakdown product of carnosine and anserine, which are dipeptides from meat consumption. Although β-alanine’s properties are limited, its relationship to carnosine makes it important. Both have antioxidant properties. A

b-­Hydroxyisovaleric Acid [aka 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid (3-HIA)] is formed from the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid leucine. Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes an essential step in this pathway and is biotin dependent. Reduced a

Used in alloys, electronics, batteries, crystal ware, cosmetics, flame retardants,and in antimicrobial therapy (H. pylori), antiseptic dressings, paraffin paste. Bismuth medical therapies exhibit high therapeutic effects and little side effects, thou

SOURCES: Found in food such as shellfish, leafy vegetables, rice, cereals, cocoa butter, dried seaweed, and legumes. Also present in nickel cadmium batteries, cigarette smoke (including second-hand smoke), insecticides, fertilizer, motor oil, emis

Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a urinary biomarker which comes from the consumption of beef, pork, and to a lesser extent, poultry. It is a dipeptide consisting of the amino acids histidine and beta-alanine and is concentrated in skeletal

Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood.

Chromium is ubiquitous in foods at low low concentrations. Derived from processing of food with stainless steel equipment. Also present in tobacco smoke, chrome, plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving and is deposited into a

Cis-Aconitic Acid is involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.

A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls

Citrulline is an intermediate, nonprotein-forming amino acid in the urea cycle serving as a precursor to arginine. It derives its name from the watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), where it was first isolated and identified. It is easily absorbed by the

Cobalt is an essential trace element that is part of the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek, and it plays a crucial role in our overall health. Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which is vital for red blood cell production, nerve fu

Sources: Legumes, mushrooms, chocolate, nuts and seeds, shellfish and liver are high in copper all greater than 2.4 µg per gram. Food, water and air (via combustion and fossil fuels and agriculture) are sources of copper. Copper pipes

Copper serum is one of the diagnostic methods of ascertaining whether a patient is suffering from some kind of liver problem or from a genetic disease called Wilson’s disease.

The Copper/Zinc Ratio on a NutriSTAT panel represents a significant biomarker in nutritional and health assessments, offering insights into the balance between two essential trace elements: copper and zinc. Copper and zinc are pivotal for numerous ph

Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is the primary agent used in our body’s flight or fight response to threatening stimuli.

Cystathionine is an intermediate dipeptide within the process of transsulfuration. Transsulfuration is the main route for irreversible homocysteine disposal, glutathione production, and energy. The initial step involves the enzyme cystathionine &beta

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond. The urine FMV amino acid test reports cysteine and cystine separately. The plas

Delta 6 Desaturase is an essential enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, which are vital components of our cells and play critical roles in maintaining overall health. Specifically, Delta 6 Desaturase helps convert dietary fats into essen

Dihomogamma Linolenic Acid (DGLA) is the elongation product of Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a fatty acid and part of the Omega-6 fatty acids family. Those fatty acids can predominatentely be found in vegetable

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds (22:6n3). It can be obtained from the diet, supplemented, or created by conversion from DPA using elongase and desaturase enzymes. DHA is present in fatty fish suc

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and five double bonds (22:5n3). It is formed from its precursor, EPA, by way of the elongase enzyme which adds two carbons. It can be supplemented or obtained in the diet from foods

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and five double bonds (22:5n3). It is formed from its precursor, EPA, by way of the elongase enzyme which adds two carbons. It can be supplemented or obtained in the diet from foods

Docosatetraenoic acid is also known as Adrenic acid / Adrenate. Docosatetraenoic acid is a member of the class of compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids. Fatty acids belong to one of three types or families: saturated, mo

Eicosadienoic acid is the elongation product of Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and the direct precursor of Dihomogamma Linolenic (DGLA).

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds (20:5n3). EPA can either be made from the downstream metabolism of ALA or it can be obtained in the diet. Food sources include oily fish such as salmon, macker

Ethylmalonic acid is a significant marker often evaluated in clinical settings to provide insights into metabolic processes within the body. Elevated levels of this compound can indicate a variety of metabolic disturbances, particularly those involvi

Formiminoglutamic Acid (FIGlu) is an intermediary organic acid in the conversion of the amino acid histidine to glutamic acid. This enzymatic conversion requires tetrahydrofolic acid.

Fumarate (together with Succinate and Malate) is used in the body’s metabolic pathway that generates cellular energy – the Citric Acid Cycle.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid that functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It serves one-third of brain neurons and is involved in depression and mania. Although there are some dietary supplement and food sources for GABA (c

Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is an omega-6 fatty acid. The body converts linoleic acid to gamma-linolenic acid and then to arachidonic acid (AA).  You can get gamma-linolenic acid from several plant-based oils, including evening primrose o

The marker Glucose (OA) (Urine) is used to assess the level of glucose in urine, which can provide important insights into an individual's metabolic health. Glucose is a type of sugar that is a primary source of energy for the body's cells. U

The Glutamic Acid/Glutamine Ratio is used to identify specimen handling issues that cause spontaneous degradation of glutamine to glutamate, and can reveal the origin of difficulty maintaining systemic pH balance.

Glutamic acid is a nonessential amino acid is derived from the diet and from the breakdown of gut proteins. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It plays a role in neuronal differentiation, migration, and survival in the dev

Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid and is the most abundant amino acid in the body. It is formed from glutamate using the enzyme glutamine synthetase. Approximately 80% of glutamine is found in the skeletal muscle, and this concentration is 30 ti

Glycine is a nonessential amino acid that is synthesized from choline, serine, hydroxyproline, and threonine. It has many important physiologic functions. It is one of three amino acids that make up glutathione. Glycine’s dietary sources includ

Histidine is a semi-essential amino acid which is formed in the breakdown of carnosine. Red meat is a common source of carnosine, and therefore histadine. Other food sources include poultry, fish, nuts, seeds, and grains. Histidine and histamine have

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-Omethyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxypheneth

Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen. What is collagen? Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body. It is the major component of connective tissues that make up several body parts, including tendons, ligamen

Hydroxyproline is a collagen related amino acid. Hydroxyproline is a nonessential amino acid, which means that it is manufactured from other amino acids in the liver. Hydroxyproline is necessary for the construction of the body’s major structur

The Hydroxyproline to Proline Ratio describes the relationship between Proline and Hydroxyproline and can be looked at in relation to your collagen metabolism.

Iodine is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in thyroid function. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones, which are responsible for controlling growth, repairing damaged cells, and supporting a healthy metabolism.

A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls

Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) are the three branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids and must be obtained from the diet (mainly meat, grains, and dairy).

Kynurenic acid and Quinolinic acid are tryptophan metabolites formed through the kynurenine pathway. Tryptophan is the amino acid precursor to serotonin; its major route for catabolism is the kynurenine pathway. Important products of the kynurenine p

Lactic Acid and Pyruvic Acid are byproducts of glycolysis. Carbohydrates, which contain glucose, are broken down through glycolysis to form pyruvate and two ATP molecules. Pyruvate can also be generated through the catabolism of various amino acids,

Found naturally in soil. More often found in fossil fuels, gasoline/exhaust, manufacturing, lead-acid batteries, ammunitions, metal solder and pipes, X-ray shields, paint, glass, pigments, and sheet lead.

Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) are the three branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids and must be obtained from the diet (mainly meat, grains, and dairy).

Lignoceric Acid is a saturated fatty acids, in particular it is part of the group of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs).

Linoleic acid is by far the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in most human tissues. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid, and low levels indicate dietary insufficiency.

Lysine is a nutritionally essential amino acid abundant in meat, fish, fowl, and legumes and is needed for formation of body proteins and enzymes. Lysine can be methylated using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to synthesize carnitine, which is needed f

Sources: Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, medicines (e.g., Milk of Magnesia), Epsom salt. Over the last 60 years, the Mg content in fruits and vegetables has decreased by 20-30%,and 80-90% of Mg is lost during food proce

Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric

Whole grains (wheat germs, oats anda bran), rice, and nuts (hazelnuts, almonds, and pecans) contain the highest amount of Manganese.  Other food sources include chocolate, tea, mussels, clams, legumes, fruit, leafy vegetables (spinach), seeds

SOURCES: Mercury (Hg) has three forms: Elemental (metallic)- older glass thermometers, fluorescent light bulbs, dental amalgams, folk remedies, combustion, electrical industry (switches, batteries, thermostats), solvents, wood processing Org

Methionine is an essential amino acid that plays an important role in the methylation cycle. Methionine is obtained from dietary intake or through homocysteine remethylation. Methionine’s dietary sources include eggs, fish, meats, Brazil nuts,

Methyl-Succinic Acid is a compound measured in urine that provides valuable insights into the metabolic processes occurring within the body. It is a key biomarker for evaluating mitochondrial function, which is crucial for energy production in cells.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the

Sources of Molybdenum: - Beans (lima, white, red, green, pinto, peas), - grains (wheat, oat, rice), - nuts, - vegetables (asparagus, dark leafy, Brassicas), - milk, cheese. Absorption factors: - Molybdenum absorption is passive i

The Monounsaturated Fats, Total marker provides valuable information about the level of monounsaturated fats in your body. Monounsaturated fats are a type of healthy fat found in various foods, including olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds. These fa

Myristic acid is a medium chain fatty acid (=MCFA). It is present in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, milk and to some extent in animal fats.

Nervonic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid. Nervonic acid has the longest carbon chain of all monounsaturated fatty acids. It is found in highest concentrations in nerve membranes, particularly in myelin sheaths, which are sleeves of fat

Used in making metal coins and jewelry, valves and heat exchangers, and stainless steel. Also used for nickel plating, color ceramics, cosmetics, tobacco, and batteries. Can be found in the soil, air, and water. There are also nickel containing foods

Oleic acid is the most common monounsaturated fatty acid in human cells.

The laboratory does not provide a specific reference range for this marker. ----------------------- The omega-3 index is defined as the RBC percentage sum of EPA+DHA, both of which are important antiinflammatory omega-3 fatty acids. This index

The marker Omega 3, Total represents the combined levels of various omega-3 fatty acids in your blood. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own, meaning they must be obtained through diet or supplements. The

The Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio is an important marker that provides valuable insight into your overall health and dietary balance. Omega-3 and Omega-6 are essential fatty acids, meaning they are crucial for your body's functions but must be obtained t

The marker Omega 6, Total measures the overall amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your body. Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat found in many common foods, such as vegetable oils (like corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil),

Omega-6:Omega-3 ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of all the omega-6 fatty acids by the sum of all the omega-3 fatty acids. Omega 6 and 3 are two essential fats that are categorized as polyunsaturated fatty acids, or PUFAs for shor

Ornithine is an intermediate nonprotein-forming amino acid of the urea cycle. Arginine is converted to ornithine via the arginase enzyme, with urea as a byproduct. Ornithine combined with carbamoyl phosphate is then converted into citrulline via the

Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Palmitic and stearic acids are significant markers for high consumption of saturated fats.

Palmitoleic acid, a key component of the Nutristat Basic Profile by US BioTek, provides valuable insights into your health status. This monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid is naturally present in foods like macadamia nuts, sea buckthorn oil, and certa

Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid found in most foods which contain protein such as meat, fish, lentils, vegetables, and dairy. Phenylalanine is the precursor to another amino acid, tyrosine. Because tyrosine is needed to form several neurotra

The Phenylalanine/Tyrosine Ratio evaluates the body’s ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; Conversion enzyme requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), niacin (B3), and iron as cofactors.

Phosphoserine is the phosphorylated ester of the amino acid serine. The addition of a phosphoryl group to an amino acid, or its removal, plays a role in cell signaling and metabolism. Phosphoserine is a byproduct of glycolysis and subsequent intermed

Picolinate is a neurotransmitter metabolism marker and is produced under inflammatory conditions.

Pimelic acid, found in urine, is a significant metabolic marker that provides insights into various biochemical processes within the body. This compound is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of biotin, an essential B-vi

SOURCES: Can be found in soil and river sediments, air, and jewelry. Used as a catalyst in the automotive, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. It’s resistance to oxidation makes it important in the manufacturing of laboratory equipment.

Proline is a nonessential amino acid. It contains a secondary α-imino group and is sometimes called an α-imino acid. Proline, and its metabolite hydroxyproline, constitute a third of the total amino acids found in collagen. Lysine, prolin

Pyruvic acid, also known as pyruvate, is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the body. Its presence in urine can provide valuable insights into a person's metabolic health and energy production processes. Pyruvic acid is a

Kynurenic acid and Quinolinic acid are tryptophan metabolites formed through the kynurenine pathway. Tryptophan is the amino acid precursor to serotonin; its major route for catabolism is the kynurenine pathway. Important products of the kynurenine p

Sarcosine is an amino acid made within the methylation cycle when S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is conjugated with glycine. It can also be made by catabolism of dimethylglycine (DMG). There are many dietary sources of sarcosine including eggs, leg

Saturated Fats, Total is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based

Sources: The selenium content of grains and vegetables depends on the selenium content of the soil. In meats, selenium content is dependent on the diet of the animals. Foods with higher selenium content include Brazil nuts, seafood (especially tun

Serine is a nonessential amino acid used in protein biosynthesis and can be derived from four possible sources: dietary intake, degradation of protein and phospholipids, biosynthesis from glycolysis intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate, or from glycine.

Silver is a marker on the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek that helps assess the level of this metal in your body. While silver is not an essential nutrient for human health, it can be present in the body due to various sources, including dietary

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid that is two carbon atoms longer than palmitic acid.

Suberic acid is an important organic compound that can be measured to gain insights into metabolic processes within the body. It is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) at each end of its molecular structure. This compound

Succinyl CoA becomes succinic acid using succinyl CoA synthetase. This reaction produces NADH which directly provides electrons for the electron transport chain or respiratory chain. Succinic acid requires the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to become

Taurine differs from other amino acids because a sulfur group replaces the carboxyl group of what would be the nonessential amino acid, β-alanine. It takes part in biochemical reactions and is not fully incorporated into proteins. In most tissue

SOURCES: Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semi-conductor industry, glass for medical procedures. NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS: Some of its toxic effects results from interferen

Threonine is a large neutral amino acid and a precursor for the amino acid glycine. Foods that contain relatively high amounts of threonine include cheeses (especially Swiss), meat, fish, poultry, seeds, walnuts, cashews, almonds and peanuts. Threoni

SOURCES: Found in manufacturing, food, packaging, solder, bronzing, dyeing textiles, plastics, PVC pipes, fungicides, toothpaste, perfume, soap, food additives, electronic, cigarette aerosol, and dyes. Naturally present and rocks and nearby air, w

- BCAAs are key nitrogen donors in the form of glutamic acid, glutamine, and alanine. - Elevated total BCAAs have been associated with obesity, weight loss, insulin resistance, and NAFLD. - Elevated plasma BCAAs were associated with an increase

The Total Monounsaturated Fats marker provides valuable information about the level of monounsaturated fats in your body. Monounsaturated fats are a type of healthy fat found in various foods, including olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds. These fat

The marker Total Omega 3 Fatty acids represents the combined levels of various omega-3 fatty acids in your blood. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own, meaning they must be obtained through diet or suppl

Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds. When eaten in moderation and in place of the saturated fats found in meats and dairy products, omega-6 fatty acids can be good for your heart. Your body

Having high levels of Total Omega 9 Fatty Acids is generally considered beneficial for health. Omega-9 fatty acids are monounsaturated fats that are nonessential, meaning your body can produce them. They are often found in foods like olive oil, avoca

Total Saturated Fats is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based

Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that have been chemically altered through a process called hydrogenation, which is commonly used to extend the shelf life of processed foods. These fats are found in many packaged snacks, baked goods, and frie

The marker "Trans Fatty Acids, Total" on a Nutristat Basic Profile from US Biotek measures the total amount of trans fats in a person's blood. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that can be harmful to health. They are often found

Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid is a specific type of trans fat that is measured in the Nutristat Basic Profile by US Biotek. Trans fats, including Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid, are unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered to improve shelf life and

Palmitoleic acid (POA) is a monounsaturated omega-7 fatty acid (16:1n7). The main dietary sources of palmitoleic acid include dairy products, avocado oils, oily fish, and macadamia nuts. Macadamia nuts contain the cis- isomer of POA, while dairy p

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, a subunit in protein molecules and a precursor to serotonin. The brain uses tryptophan to produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter largely responsible for feelings of happiness and well-bei

Tryptophane is involved in serotonin production via vitamin B6-dependent pathways resulting in the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP is often used as a supplement for serotonin formation instead of tryptophan, which can be quickly me

Tyrosine is a conditionally essential amino acid which can come directly from the digestion of dietary protein. Common food sources include dairy, beans, whole grains, meat, and nuts. If intake is insufficient, tyrosine can be formed from the essenti

Sources: Largely limited to use as a nuclear fuel. Present naturally in air, water, food, and soil. The uranyl ion forms water-soluble compounds and is an important component in body fluids. Three different kinds are defined: natural, enriched, an

Urea is a nontoxic byproduct of nitrogen (ammonia) detoxification. It is formed in the liver via the urea cycle and is the end product of protein metabolism. It is essentially a waste product with no physiological function.

Branched Chain Amino Acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine) Isoleucine, leucine and valine are the three branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are essential amino acids and must be obtained from the diet (mainly meat, gra

Sources: Mushrooms, shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill seed, beer, wine, grains, sweeteners, infant cereals. Fossil fuels, welding, catalysts, steel alloys, batteries, photographic developer, drying agent in paints/varnishes, reducing agent

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine formed via the actions of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase. VMA is found in the

Xanthurenic acid is a metabolite that is measured in urine to assess the body's metabolism of tryptophan, an essential amino acid involved in numerous biological processes, including the synthesis of serotonin and niacin. Elevated levels of xanth

In healthy individuals, plasma or serum zinc are reliable markers of zinc status, mainly reflecting zinc intake. Because the effective regulation of zinc homeostasis buffers the functional response to dietary deficiency and excess, plasma zinc levels

Zirconium is a trace element that appears on the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek, typically measured to assess environmental exposure and potential health impacts. Zirconium is not known to play any essential biological role in the human body, a