Metabolic Analysis Markers (Urine)
The Metabolic Analysis Profile (Urine) measures four critical areas of metabolism: gastrointestinal function and dysbiosis markers, cellular and mitochondrial energy metabolites, neurotransmitter metabolites, and functionally important organic acid metabolites of amino acids.
2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.76 mmol/mol creatinine3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 29 mmol/mol creatinine
Production of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid begins with the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA into 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA in the mitochondria by the biotin-dependent enzyme methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase.
LEARN MORE3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 8.1 mmol/mol creatinine3-Hydroxypropionic Acid
Optimal range: 5 - 22 mmol/mol creatinine3-Methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol
Optimal range: 0.02 - 0.22 mmol/mol creatinine
3-Methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol is the breakdown product from norepinephrine, but it may also be produced from epinephrine to a lesser extent.
LEARN MORE4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 29 mmol/mol creatinine5-OH-indoleacetic Acid
Optimal range: 3.8 - 12.1 mmol/mol creatinine
5-OH-indoleacetic Acid is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine. Serotonin is a hormone found at high levels in many body tissues. Serotonin and 5-OH-indoleacetic Acid are produced in excess amounts by carcinoid tumors, and levels of these substances may be measured in the urine to test for carcinoid tumors.
LEARN MOREa-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (from MTBE)
Optimal range: 0 - 6.7 mmol/mol creatininea-Keto-b-Methylvaleric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 2.1 mmol/mol creatinine
a-Keto-b-Methylvaleric Acid is a B-Complex Vitamin Marker. Vitamins are compounds that your body needs to be healthy. Vitamins are “essential” for proper function, which means that they are not made inside your body and must be consumed in the diet.
A metabolites of isoleucine.
LEARN MOREa-Ketoadipic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 1.7 mmol/mol creatininea-Ketoglutaric Acid (AKG)
Optimal range: 4 - 52 mmol/mol creatinine
Alpha-Ketoglutarate is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
LEARN MOREa-Ketoisocaproic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.89 mmol/mol creatininea-Ketoisovaleric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.97 mmol/mol creatinine
Alpha-Ketoisovalerate (together with Alpha-Ketoisocaproate and Alpha-Keto-Beta-methylvalerate) requires Vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5 and lipoic acid to be metabolized.
LEARN MOREa-Ketophenylacetic Acid (from Styrene)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.46 mmol/mol creatinineAdipic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 2.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.
LEARN MOREArabinose
Optimal range: 0 - 96 mmol/mol creatinineB-OH-B-Methylglutaric Acid (HMG)
Optimal range: 0 - 15 mmol/mol creatinine
Hydroxymethylglutarate (HMG) is the precursor to Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) production, and when it is elevated it may indicate that the body is trying to increase its production of CoQ10.
LEARN MOREBenzoic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.05 mmol/mol creatinine
Benzoic Acid was one of the compounds first found to be elevated in urine from patients with intestinal bacterial overgrowth of various origins.
LEARN MOREBeta-OH-Butyric Acid (BHBA)
Optimal range: 0 - 2.8 mmol/mol creatinineCis-Aconitic Acid
Optimal range: 10 - 36 mmol/mol creatinineCitramalic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 5.8 mmol/mol creatinineCitric Acid
Optimal range: 40 - 520 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
LEARN MOREDihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA)
Optimal range: 0 - 5.3 mmol/mol creatinineFormiminoglutamic Acid (FIGlu)
Optimal range: 0 - 1.5 mmol/mol creatinine
Formiminoglutamic Acid (FIGlu) is a functional marker of insufficiency of folic acid, another B-vitamin, and is a compound made from the amino acid histidine.
LEARN MOREGlutaric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.51 mmol/mol creatinineHippuric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 603 mmol/mol creatinine
Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.
LEARN MOREHomogentisic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 19 mmol/mol creatinineHomovanillic Acid
Optimal range: 1.2 - 5.3 mmol/mol creatinine
Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.
Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.
LEARN MOREIndoleacetic Acid (IAA)
Optimal range: 0 - 4.2 mmol/mol creatinineIsocitric Acid
Optimal range: 22 - 65 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
LEARN MOREIsovalerylglycine
Optimal range: 0 - 3.7 mmol/mol creatinineKynurenic / Quinolinic Ratio
Optimal range: 0.44 - 5 Ratio
Kynurenic acid, which is derived from the processing of tryptophan, is converted to quinolinic acid in the presence of B6 or P5P. While kynurenic is calming, quinolinic is an excitotoxin that can over stimulate nerves.
LEARN MOREKynurenic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 7.1 mmol/mol creatinine
Kynurenic Acid is product of the metabolism of L-Tryptophan and appears in urine in Vitamin B6 deficiencies. Your body needs vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) to utilize amino acids derived from dietary protein.
LEARN MORELactic Acid
Optimal range: 1.9 - 19.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Formed from pyruvate in anaerobic or oxygen-starved (hypoxic) conditions to allow for ongoing production of ATP.
LEARN MOREMalic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
LEARN MOREMethylmalonic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 1.9 mmol/mol creatinine
Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.
LEARN MOREOrotic Acid
Optimal range: 0.33 - 1.01 mmol/mol creatinine
Orotic Acid is a sensitive marker of your liver’s capacity to convert toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea that you can excrete. That capacity can be increased by additional arginine. Ammonia toxicity can also be reduced by supplementation with α-ketoglutarate, magnesium, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. Ammonia impairs brain function, causing difficulty with thinking, fatigue, headaches, and increased food sensitivities.
LEARN MOREPhenylacetic Acid (PAA)
Optimal range: 0 - 0.12 mmol/mol creatininePyroglutamic Acid
Optimal range: 16 - 34 mmol/mol creatinine
Pyroglutamate (or Pyroglutamic acid) is an intermediate in the glutathione metabolism and a marker of glutathione deficiency.
LEARN MOREPyruvic Acid
Optimal range: 7 - 32 mmol/mol creatinine
Pyruvic Acid feeds into the citric acid cycle & converts into acetyl CoA. Pyruvate is formed from carbohydrate via glucose or glycogen & secondarily from fats (glycerol) & glycogenic amino acids.
LEARN MOREQuinolinic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 9.1 mmol/mol creatinine
Quinolinic acid is a neurotoxic substance produced by our own bodies and a metabolite of tryptophan.
LEARN MORESuberic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 2.1 mmol/mol creatinine
Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.
LEARN MORESuccinic Acid
Optimal range: 0.4 - 4.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Succinate (or succinic acid) is an important metabolite that is involved in several chemical processes in the body.
LEARN MORETartaric Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 15 mmol/mol creatinineVanilmandelic Acid
Optimal range: 0.4 - 3.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Vanilmandelic Acid is a breakdown product from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission.
LEARN MOREXanthurenic Acid
Optimal range: 0 - 0.96 mmol/mol creatinine
Your body needs vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) to utilize amino acids derived from dietary protein. Inadequate vitamin B6 is one factor that leads to increased concentrations of kynurenate and xanthurenate in urine.
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