Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamins and minerals are substances obtained from food and supplements needed for normal growth and body processes. Deficiencies in certain vitamins and minerals can interfere with normal body function.
This category encompasses essential nutrients crucial for various bodily functions. It includes tests for vitamins like Vitamin D, which is vital for bone health, and B-vitamins, important for energy metabolism and nerve function. Analyzing these biomarkers helps in detecting deficiencies or excesses and in guiding dietary and supplementation choices for optimal health.
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Biomarkers included in this panel:
2-Methylcitric acid (MCA) is a vital biomarker for diagnosing and managing inherited metabolic disorders, particularly propionic acidemia (PA) and methylmalonic acidemia (MMA). This organic acid builds up when propionyl-CoA metabolism is disrupted, l
Learn moreAn antiparietal cell antibody test is a blood test that looks for antibodies against the parietal cells of the stomach. The parietal cells make and release a substance that the body needs to absorb vitamin B12.
Learn moreBiotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin that plays a critical role in various metabolic processes and is commonly included in blood panel tests to assess nutritional status. It acts as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes
Learn moreCalcitriol is the active form of Vitamin D. It is also known as 1,25(OH)2D. Calcitriol has long been known for its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone.
Learn moreThe Carotene marker in a blood panel is a significant indicator of dietary intake and absorption of carotenoids, primarily beta-carotene, a precursor to Vitamin A. Beta-carotene, found abundantly in fruits and vegetables like carrots, sweet potatoes,
Learn moreBeta-carotene is a crucial biomarker for assessing vitamin A status, reflecting both dietary intake and overall health. It plays a significant role in antioxidant defense, vision, and immune function, and its measurement can help diagnose and manage
Learn moreCopper is part of enzymes, which are proteins that help biochemical reactions occur in every cell. Copper is involved in the absorption, storage and metabolism of iron. The symptoms of a copper deficiency are similar to iron deficiency anemia. The li
Learn moreDes-γ-carboxy Prothrombin (DCP), also known as Protein Induced by Vitamin K Absence or Antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), is a unique and clinically significant biomarker often included in blood panels, particularly in the context of liver health and he
Learn moreHolotranscobalamin (HoloTC) is the bioactive form of vitamin B12 circulating in the body. It is the only form that can be readily absorbed and utilized by cells, making it an essential marker for determining vitamin B12 levels. Unlike serum B12, whic
Learn moreIntrinsic factor antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that are associated with pernicious anemia. This test detects intrinsic factor antibody (IF antibody) circulating in blood.
Learn moreIntrinsic factor is a protein that is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It binds to vitamin B12, thereby allowing absorption of the vitamin by intestinal cells. In pernicious anemia, an autoimmune disorder, autoantibodies are formed agai
Learn more- Manganese is an important factor in many critical biochemical processes including antioxidant function. - Manganese is a mineral element that is both nutritionally essential and has the potential to be very toxic. This fact is further complicate
Learn moreManganese, Blood
Blood manganese testing provides crucial information about manganese status in your body. Understanding test results helps manage both deficiency and toxicity risks. Regular monitoring is essential for at-risk individuals and those with related healt
Learn moreMethylmalonic acid is a compound that reacts with vitamin B-12 to produce coenzyme A (CoA). When vitamin B-12 deficiencies occur, methylmalonic acid levels increase.
Learn moreNiacin (nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is also referred to as vitamin B3. Nicotinamide (nicotinic acid amide) is the derivative of niacin that is incorporated into the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotina
Learn moreNiacin (nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is also referred to as vitamin B3. Nicotinamide (nicotinic acid amide) is the derivative of niacin that is incorporated into the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotina
Learn moreAlong with calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and chloride, phosphorus is one of the six essential minerals required by the human body in significant quantities. Phosphorus is a mineral involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, part of ATP, helps
Learn morePotassium, Plasma
Potassium (Plasma) is a vital electrolyte that helps regulate nerve signals, muscle contractions (including the heart), and fluid balance in the body. It plays a key role in maintaining healthy blood pressure and overall cellular function. Normal
Learn morePotassium, RBC
Potassium, RBC (Red Blood Cell Potassium) measures the concentration of potassium inside your red blood cells, rather than in your blood plasma. While standard potassium tests assess levels in the fluid portion of the blood, this test gives insight i
Learn morePyridoxal 5-Phosphate (PLP)
Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate (PLP), also known as the active form of vitamin B6, is a versatile and essential coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions in the body, particularly in amino acid metabolism. Serving as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes, PLP pl
Learn morePyridoxic Acid (Pa), B6Pro
Pyridoxic Acid (PA), often referred to as B6Pro, is a significant metabolite of Vitamin B6 that serves as a reliable biomarker for assessing vitamin B6 status in the body. Vitamin B6, a collective term for several related compounds including pyridoxa
Learn moreRBP is a sensitive marker of undernutrition and the monitoring of its serum concentration allows the monitoring of nutritional status. Retinol-binding protein (RBP) is an unglycosylated protein synthesised by the liver. The role of RBP is to trans
Learn moreRiboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in energy production, cellular function, and metabolism. It is a component of two major coenzymes, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide
Learn moreVitamin B12 binding capacity, unsaturated (transcobalamin) refers to the ability of transcobalamin, a protein in the blood, to bind to and transport vitamin B12 within the body. Transcobalamin plays a crucial role in the transport of vitamin B12 from
Learn moreVitamin A is one of the fat-soluble vitamins required for health. It’s especially important for vision, skin and mucous membranes found surrounding all organs. Vitamin A provides free radical-fighting functions for immunity and for anti-aging.
Learn moreVitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B1, also called thiamine, is important for nervous system and muscle function. Thiamine acts as a coenzyme for carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. It also is essential for the production of hydrochloric acid.
Learn moreVitamin B1, also known as Thiamine, plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal blood health. As a water-soluble vitamin, it is essential for the proper functioning of the circulatory system and is particularly vital in the metabolism of glucose, whi
Learn moreVitamin B12 is essential in many basic bodily functions. High levels are not usually cause for concern, but low levels may indicate a medical deficiency or disease. In America, food such as cereal and grains are enriched with many essential vitamins,
Learn moreVitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, is a vital nutrient that plays an essential role in maintaining overall health, particularly in energy metabolism and cellular function. As a key component of the B-vitamin family, Riboflavin is crucial for break
Learn moreVitamin supplementation within 24 hours prior to blood draw may affect the accuracy of results. Vitamin B2 is involved in metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. The clinical manifestations of deficiency are non-specific. Clinical manif
Learn moreVitamin B2, measured in whole blood, is a vital biomarker for assessing nutritional status and guiding health interventions. Its importance in energy metabolism, antioxidant defense, and cellular repair underscores the need for adequate riboflavin le
Learn moreThe Vitamin B3 marker on a blood panel, representing Niacin or Nicotinic Acid levels, is a critical indicator of nutritional health and metabolic function. Vitamin B3 plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, primarily in energy production
Learn moreOther names: Niacin / Nicotinamide / Nicotinic Acid Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is also referred to as vitamin B3. Nicotinamide (nicotinic acid amide) is the derivative of niacin that is incorporated i
Learn moreVitamin B5, scientifically known as Pantothenic Acid, is a crucial nutrient whose levels are often measured in blood panels to assess overall health and nutritional status. As an essential component of coenzyme A, Vitamin B5 is fundamental in various
Learn moreVitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin involved in energy production, synthesis of hemoglobin, serotonin, dopamine, and amino acids, and other enzymatic reactions in the body.
Learn moreVitamin B6, Plasma
The Vitamin B6 (Plasma) marker on a blood panel is an essential indicator of nutritional and metabolic health, reflecting the levels of Pyridoxine in the body. Vitamin B6 is crucial in numerous biochemical reactions, particularly in amino acid metabo
Learn moreVitamin B7, or biotin, is an essential nutrient with diverse roles in energy metabolism, gene regulation, and maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails. Though deficiency is rare, testing for biotin levels can be useful in certain clinical contexts,
Learn moreFolate belongs to the B vitamin family and is used for healthy cell development. Folate is water-soluble and is expelled daily in urine. For this reason, it is important that our diets have enough folate in them to make up for the loss. Deficie
Learn moreVitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that functions in immunity, the synthesis of collagen and neurotransmitters, and protein metabolism. It’s an antioxidant that slows down aging. Deficiency is called scurvy.
Learn moreVitamin D, 25-Hydroxy
What is Vitamin D? Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin in a family of compounds that includes vitamins D1, D2, and D3. Vitamin D is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make. It is a fat-soluble vitamin that has long been known to hel
Learn moreVitamin E, particularly in the form of alpha-tocopherol, is a critical antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress, supports cardiovascular and immune health, and prevents various conditions related to oxidative damage. Monitoring its
Learn moreGamma-tocopherol is part of the Vitamin E classification group. The term vitamin E refers to a group of eight naturally occurring compounds, all with different potencies: – alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherol an
Learn moreA vitamin E test measures the amount of vitamin E in your blood. Vitamin E (also known as tocopherol or alpha-tocopherol) is a nutrient that is important for many body processes. It helps your nerves and muscles work well, prevents blood clots, and b
Learn moreVitamin E, particularly its beta and gamma tocopherol components, is a highly beneficial nutrient well-regarded for its antioxidant properties and vital role in maintaining overall health. As one of the eight forms of Vitamin E, beta-gamma tocopherol
Learn moreVitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function. Assessing Vitamin K status is complex, as there is no single gold-standard biomarker. Several biomarkers are used to evaluate Vitamin K levels, e
Learn moreVitamin K1 is essential for blood clotting and bone health, and you can get it from various plant-based foods like leafy greens.
Learn moreZinc is an essential trace element. Subnormal levels are associated with alcoholic cirrhosis, cystic fibrosis, myocardial infarction, acute and chronic infections. High levels may be due to industrial exposure.
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