Adipic Acid, together with Suberate and Ethylmalonate are all functional markers for deficiency of carnitine.
Carnitine is needed to move fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are converted to energy using vitamin B2.
If carnitine is sufficient long-chain fatty acids go through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria.
When insufficient levels of carnitine or vitamin B2 slow down this process, other parts of the cellular machinery take over and make adipic acid and suberate.
A similar block in another pathway causes high ethylmalonate. Since most of our bodies’ energy is produced from the burning of fatty acids, our muscles and brain suffer when this cellular energy pathway is blocked. Anything that interferes with the normal fatty acid oxidation may reveal high levels of these metabolites.
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High adipic acid suggests fat processing problems.
Slightly elevated adipic acid may result from excessive ingestion of gelatin or other “junk” food containing adipic acid as an additive. Elevated adipic acid may also indicate an abnormality in fatty acid metabolism.
- L-carnitine or acetyl-Lcarnitine
- B2
- Acetyl CoA precursors (cysteine, B5 Mg)
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2-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 3-Hydroxyisovaleric Acid, 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-Methyl-4-OH-phenylglycol, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, 5-OH-indoleacetic Acid, a-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid (from MTBE), a-Keto-b-Methylvaleric Acid, a-Ketoadipic Acid, a-Ketoglutaric Acid (AKG), a-Ketoisocaproic Acid, a-Ketoisovaleric Acid, a-Ketophenylacetic Acid (from Styrene), Adipic Acid, Arabinose, B-OH-B-Methylglutaric Acid (HMG), Benzoic Acid, Beta-OH-Butyric Acid (BHBA), Cis-Aconitic Acid, Citramalic Acid, Citric Acid, Dihydroxyphenylpropionic Acid (DHPPA), Formiminoglutamic Acid (FIGlu), Glutaric Acid, Hippuric Acid, Homogentisic Acid, Homovanillic Acid, Indoleacetic Acid (IAA), Isocitric Acid, Isovalerylglycine, Kynurenic / Quinolinic Ratio, Kynurenic Acid, Lactic Acid, Malic Acid, Methylmalonic Acid, Orotic Acid, Phenylacetic Acid (PAA), Pyroglutamic Acid, Pyruvic Acid, Quinolinic Acid, Suberic Acid, Succinic Acid, Tartaric Acid, Vanilmandelic Acid, Xanthurenic Acid
