Taurine differs from other amino acids because a sulfur group replaces the carboxyl group of what would be the nonessential amino acid, β-alanine. It takes part in biochemical reactions and is not fully incorporated into proteins. In most tissues, it remains a free amino acid.
Taurine’s highest concentration is in muscle, platelets, and the central nervous system. Taurine is mainly obtained via dietary sources (dairy, shellfish, turkey, energy drinks), but can also come from sulfur amino acid metabolism (methionine and cysteine).
It has been proposed that taurine acts as an antioxidant, intracellular osmolyte, membrane stabilizer, and a neurotransmitter.
In the CNS, taurine is second only to glutamate in abundance. Taurine is extensively involved in neurological activities, (calming neural excitability, cerebellar functional maintenance, and motor behavior modulation), through interaction with dopaminergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic receptors, and through glutamate.
In cardiovascular disease, taurine’s benefits are multifactorial. Because taurine’s main physiologic role is in bile acid conjugation in the liver, it has been demonstrated that taurine is capable of reducing plasma LDL, total lipid concentration, and visceral fat in diabetic, obese patients.
Taurine has been shown to be a protector of endothelial structure and function after exposure to inflammatory cells, their mediators, or other chemicals.
Taurine is thought to be involved in cell volume regulation and intracellular free calcium concentration modulation. Because of these effects, experimental evidence shows promise for taurine therapy in preventing cardiac damage during bypass surgery, heart transplantation and myocardial infarction. Moreover, severe taurine extravasation from cardiomyocytes during an ischemia–reperfusion insult may increase ventricular remodeling and heart failure risk.
Recent work has revealed taurine’s action in the retina as a photoreceptor cell promoter.
The human fetus has no ability to synthesize taurine. Taurine is found in breast milk, but it is also routinely added to infant formulas.
Although taurine is very beneficial, it is often unnecessary to supplement. Dietary intake and sulfur amino metabolism are usually more than adequate to meet the body’s needs. Newborns, patients with restricted diets, or patients with various diseases may be depleted in taurine and can benefit from supplementation.
References:
- Hayes K. Taurine requirement in primates. Nutr Rev. 1985;43(3):65-70.
- Wojcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2010;208(1):19-25.
- Ripps H, Shen W. Taurine: a “very essential” amino acid. Molec Vision. 2012;18:2673.
- Vanitha M, Baskaran K, Periyasamy K, et al. A review on the biomedical importance of taurine. Int J Pharm Res Health Sci. 2015;3(3):680-686.
- Schaffer SW, Jong CJ, Ito T, Azuma J. Effect of taurine on ischemia–reperfusion injury. Amino Acids. 2014;46(1):21-30.
- Brosnan JT, Jacobs RL, Stead LM, Brosnan ME. Methylation demand: a key determinant of homocysteine metabolism. ACTA BIOCHIM POLON. 2004;51:405-414.
- Ripps H, Shen W. Review: taurine: a “very essential” amino acid. Molec Vision. 2012;18:2673-2686.
- Hayes KC. Taurine requirement in primates. Nutr Rev.1985;43(3):65-70
- Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Obrenovich ME. Dysautonomia in autism spectrum disorder: case reports of a family with review of the literature. Autism Res Treat. 2011;2011:129795.
- Belaidi AA, Schwarz G. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency: metabolic link between taurine and S-sulfocysteine. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;776:13-19.
- Blom HJ, Smulders Y. Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34(1):75-81.
- Wu XY, Lu L. Vitamin B6 deficiency, genome instability and cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(11):5333-5338.
- Bird RP. The Emerging Role of Vitamin B6 in Inflammation and Carcinogenesis. Adv Food Nutr Res. 2018;83:151-194.
- Durlach J, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Rinjard P. Taurine and magnesium homeostasis: New data and recent advances. In: Magnesium Cellular Proc Med. Karger Publishers; 1987:219- 238.
- Millart H, Durlach V, Durlach J. Red blood cell magnesium concentrations: analytical problems and significance. Magnesium Res. 1995;8(1):65-76.
- Yamori Y, Taguchi T, Mori H, Mori M. Low cardiovascular risks in the middle aged males and females excreting greater 24- hour urinary taurine and magnesium in 41 WHO-CARDIAC study populations in the world. J Biomed Sci. 2010;17 Suppl 1:S21.
Taurine
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