Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65)
Function:
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) a neuronal protein is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to the inhibitory neurotransmitter g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GAD is also expressed by pancreatic beta cells.
Antibodies Appear:
- Battan disease [6]
- Celiac disease [3]
- Cerebellar ataxia [4]
- Gluten sensitivity [3]
- Polyendocrine autoimmune syndrome [2]
- Stiff-person syndrome [2]
- Type 1 Diabetes [2, 4, 7]
Known Cross-Reactions:
- Casein; [1]
- Coxsackievirus; [5]
- Gliadin; [7]
- Rotavirus; [9]
- Cytomegalovirus; [10, 11]
- Rubella; [12]
- Buckwheat, Amaranth, Rice, Corn, Yeast, Potato, Quinoa, Oats [13]
Clinical Significance:
This enzyme is the major auto-antigen in Type I Diabetes. Researchers speculate that as a target antigen, GAD65 may directly, or indirectly, produce the T cell response cascade that results in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. [7]
In addition to patients with autoimmunity against islet cell antigen (Type I Diabetes), patients with neurological disorders (low GABA) may also produce high levels of antibodies against GAD. [2, 4, 6]
Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]
Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.
Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.
References:
1. Banchuin, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses to GAD and beta-casein in type 1 diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2002; 55(3):237-245.
2. Ellis and Atkinson. The clinical significance of an autoimmune response against glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nat Med, 1996; 2:148-153.
3. Hadjivassiliou et al. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol, 2010; 9:318-330.
4. Honnorat, et al. Cerebellar ataxia with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Arch Neurol, 2001; 58:225-230.
5. LeRoth, et al (eds.). Diabetes Mellitus (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 2004.
6. Pearce, et al. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoimmunity in Batten disease and other disorders. Neurology, 2004; 63:2001-2005.
7. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32.
8. Wilson, et al. Therapeutic alteration of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus progression by T cell tolerance to glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 peptides in vitro and in vivo1. J Immunol, 2001; 167:569-577.
9. Honeyman, et al. Evidence for molecular mimicry between human T cell epitopes in rotavirus and pancreatic islet autoantigens. J Immunol, 2010; 184(4):2204-2210.
10. Hiemstra, et al. Cytomegalovirus in autoimmunity: T cell crossreactivity to viral antigen and autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2001; 98(7):3988-3991.
11. Roep, et al. Molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes: immune cross-reactivity between islet autoantigen and human cytomegalovirus but not Coxsackie virus. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2002; 958:163-165.
12. Ou, et al. Cross-reactive rubella virus and glutamic acid decarboxylase (65 and 67) protein determinants recognised by T cells of patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia, 2000; 43(6):750-762.
13. Kharrazian, et al. Detection of islet cell immune reactivity with low glycemic index foods: is this a concern for type 1 diabetes? J Diabetes Res, 2017; 2017:4124967.
What does it mean if your Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) result is too high?
This enzyme is the major auto-antigen in Type I Diabetes. Researchers speculate that as a target antigen, GAD65 may directly, or indirectly, produce the T cell response cascade that results in insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. [7]
In addition to patients with autoimmunity against islet cell antigen (Type I Diabetes), patients with neurological disorders (low GABA) may also produce high levels of antibodies against GAD. [2, 4, 6]
Anti-GAD autoantibodies may result in an excess of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can lead to seizures. [5]
Due to cross-reactivity between gliadin and casein, [1] patients with antibodies against GAD65 should implement a dairy-free diet.
Additionally, in a study of Celiac patients, [3] 60% of the participants with Celiac disease produced GAD65, which may explain the relationship between Celiac disease and type-1 diabetes.
All Your Lab Results.
One Simple Dashboard.
Import, Track, and Share Your Lab Results Easily
Import, Track, and Share Your Lab Results
Import lab results from multiple providers, track changes over time, customize your reference ranges, and get clear explanations for each result. Everything is stored securely, exportable in one organized file, and shareable with your doctor—or anyone you choose.
Cancel or upgrade anytime
Laboratories
Bring All Your Lab Results Together — In One Place
We accept reports from any lab, so you can easily collect and organize all your health information in one secure spot.
Pricing Table
Gather Your Lab History — and Finally Make Sense of It
Finally, Your Lab Results Organized and Clear
Personal plans
$79/ year
Advanced Plan
Access your lab reports, explanations, and tracking tools.
- Import lab results from any provider
- Track all results with visual tools
- Customize your reference ranges
- Export your full lab history anytime
- Share results securely with anyone
- Receive 5 reports entered for you
- Cancel or upgrade anytime
$250/ once
Unlimited Account
Pay once, access everything—no monthly fees, no limits.
- Import lab results from any provider
- Track all results with visual tools
- Customize your reference ranges
- Export your full lab history anytime
- Share results securely with anyone
- Receive 10 reports entered for you
- No subscriptions. No extra fees.
$45/ month
Pro Monthly
Designed for professionals managing their clients' lab reports
- Import lab results from any provider
- Track lab results for multiple clients
- Customize reference ranges per client
- Export lab histories and reports
- Begin with first report entered by us
- Cancel or upgrade anytime
About membership
What's included in a Healthmatters membership
Import Lab Results from Any Source
See Your Health Timeline
Understand What Your Results Mean
Visualize Your Results
Data Entry Service for Your Reports
Securely Share With Anyone You Trust
Let Your Lab Results Tell the Full Story
Once your results are in one place, see the bigger picture — track trends over time, compare data side by side, export your full history, and share securely with anyone you trust.
Bring all your results together to compare, track progress, export your history, and share securely.
What Healthmatters Members Are Saying
Frequently asked questions
Healthmatters is a personal health dashboard that helps you organize and understand your lab results. It collects and displays your medical test data from any lab in one secure, easy-to-use platform.
- Individuals who want to track and understand their health over time.
- Health professionals, such as doctors, nutritionists, and wellness coaches, need to manage and interpret lab data for their clients.
With a Healthmatters account, you can:
- Upload lab reports from any lab
- View your data in interactive graphs, tables, and timelines
- Track trends and monitor changes over time
- Customize your reference ranges
- Export and share your full lab history
- Access your results anytime, from any device
Professionals can also analyze client data more efficiently and save time managing lab reports.
Healthmatters.io personal account provides in-depth research on 10000+ biomarkers, including information and suggestions for test panels such as, but not limited to:
- The GI Effects® Comprehensive Stool Profile,
- GI-MAP,
- The NutrEval FMV®,
- The ION Profile,
- Amino Acids Profile,
- Dried Urine Test for Comprehensive Hormones (DUTCH),
- Organic Acids Test,
- Organix Comprehensive Profile,
- Toxic Metals,
- Complete Blood Count (CBC),
- Metabolic panel,
- Thyroid panel,
- Lipid Panel,
- Urinalysis,
- And many, many more.
You can combine all test reports inside your Healthmatters account and keep them in one place. It gives you an excellent overview of all your health data. Once you retest, you can add new results and compare them.
If you are still determining whether Healthmatters support your lab results, the rule is that if you can test it, you can upload it to Healthmatters.
We implement proven measures to keep your data safe.
At HealthMatters, we're committed to maintaining the security and confidentiality of your personal information. We've put industry-leading security standards in place to help protect against the loss, misuse, or alteration of the information under our control. We use procedural, physical, and electronic security methods designed to prevent unauthorized people from getting access to this information. Our internal code of conduct adds additional privacy protection. All data is backed up multiple times a day and encrypted using SSL certificates. See our Privacy Policy for more details.