- Manganese is an important factor in many critical biochemical processes including antioxidant function.
- Manganese is a mineral element that is both nutritionally essential and has the potential to be very toxic. This fact is further complicated by the small range of dosage for clinical benefit and toxicity with serious consequences.
- The principle antioxidant enzyme within our mitochondria (energy) is superoxide dismutase and the enzymes requires manganese for optimal performance.
- Manganese is also required for normal skeletal development and cartilage synthesis.
- Wound healing is also impacted by manganese, as the synthesis of collagen in skin cells is dependent on the presence of adequate manganese.
- Manganese is also important functioning as a co-factor in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and cholesterol.
- Manganese is considered anti-osteoporotic and anti-arthritic.
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Sources:
Whole grains (wheat germ, oats and bran), rice, and nuts (hazelnuts, almonds, and pecans) contain the highest amounts of Mn. Other food sources include chocolate, tea, mussels, clams, legumes, fruit, leafy vegetables (spinach), seeds (flax, sesame, pumpkin, sunflower, and pine nuts) and spices (chili powder, cloves and saffron).
Airborne exposure can occur through automobile exhaust, unleaded gasoline and occupational exposure(mining, welding, ferroalloy and steel industry, battery manufacturing). It is also present in fungicides, textile bleaching, manufacture of glass and ceramics, paint, matches and fireworks, leather tanning, hydroquinone, potassium permanganate and other chemical production. Soil manganese concentrations can contaminate well water.
Absorption factors:
Only about 1 to 5% of dietary Mn is absorbed in the gut. Absorption is influenced by intestinal pH, the presence of divalent metal transporter DMT1, other divalent metals competing for absorption (iron, copper, zinc, calcium) and phytic acid.119 The absorption of Mn is tightly regulated in the gut and therefore toxicity from diet has not been reported.
Iron deficiency increases Mn absorption.
Supplemental magnesium (200mg/day) may decrease Mn availability by decreasing absorption or increasing excretion. Mn is eliminated mainly via bile.
Biochemical actions:
Required for immune function, regulation of blood sugar and cellular energy, reproduction, digestion, bone growth, blood coagulation, hemostasis, wound healing andantioxidant.
Mn is incorporated into metalloproteins, such as superoxide dismutase and others.
Symptoms of imbalance:
Mn deficiency is rare and results in impaired growth, poor bone formation and skeletal defects, abnormal glucose tolerance, altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, dermatitis, slowed hair/nail growth.
Diseases reported with low blood Mn concentrations include epilepsy, Mseleni disease, Down’s syndrome, osteoporosis and Perthest disease.
Individuals with increased susceptibility to manganese toxicity include patients with chronic liver disease, newborns and children, iron-deficient populations, patients on parenteral nutrition, and occupational exposure.
Mn is neurotoxic and excess levels have been associated with Parkinson’s-like symptoms. A blood Mn level may provide the best estimate for brain Mn levels when exposure is recent. Mn toxicity is generally due to environmental or occupational exposures including airborne (inhaled) and drinking water.
Periods of occupational exposure of 6 months to 2 years may lead to manganism and the motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms may remain several years after the exposure. Symptoms include dystonia, bradykinesia and rigidity (due to damage to dopaminergic neurons) and gliosis.
Additional symptoms include tremors, muscle spasms, tinnitus, hearing loss, ataxia, mania, insomnia, depression, delusions, anorexia, headaches, irritability, lower extremity weakness, changes in mood or short-term memory, altered reaction times and reduced hand-eye coordination.
References:
Peres TV, Schettinger MR, Chen P, et al. “Manganese-induced neurotoxicity: a review of its behavioral consequences and neuroprotective strategies”. BMC Pharm Toxicol. 2016;17(1):57.
Aschner M, Erikson K. Manganese. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(3):520-521.
Avila DS, Puntel RL, Aschner M. Manganese in health and disease. Metal ions in life sciences. 2013;13:199-227.
Erikson KM, Aschner M. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health. Metal ions in life sciences. 2019;19.
University OS. Manganese. Linus Pauling Institute - Micronutrient Information Center - Minerals 2020; https://lpi. oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese, 2020.
NIH. Manganese Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets 2020; https://ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/, 2020.
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Manganese Toxicity: Symptoms of manganese toxicity mimic those of Parkinson’s disease with permanent neurological damage. It may also precipitate hypertension in patients over 40, and significant rises in manganese are found in patients with hepatitis, cirrhosis and in dialysis patients and victims of heart attack. Early signs of toxicity include loss of appetite, impaired memory, and mask-like facial expressions. Excess manganese will reduce iron absorption.
Anthony
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As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
Deficiency Symptoms: Deficiency in manganese is rare, but it is now estimated that up to 20% of the population may be deficient in manganese caused by improper diet and eating habits. Deficiency in manganese may lead to various health problems which could include bone malformation, eye and hearing problems, increased cholesterol, hypertension, infertility, cardiovascular issues, memory loss, hearing loss, muscle cramping and tremors. Other deficiency symptoms may include ataxia, fainting and carbohydrate intolerance (diabetes). Manganese deficiency has also been linked to myasthenia gravis.
Repletion Information: Estimated average dietary manganese intakes range from 2.0 to 3.0 mg/day for men and 1.6-1.8 mg/day for women.
People eating vegetarian diets may have higher intakes. Rich sources of manganese include whole grains, nuts, leafy vegetables, pineapple and teas. Foods high in phytic acid or oxalic acid may reduce manganese absorption.
The RDA for adults is 2.5-5.0 mg/day. Patients with chronic liver disease and iron-deficiency are at increased risk for toxicity and manganese deposition in the brain.
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Anthony
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I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
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