DDT, a persistent organic pollutant once commonly used as a pesticide for controlling malaria and typhus, metabolizes in humans to produce 2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA), the primary urinary metabolite and potential exposure biomarker. DD

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used herbicides globally, commonly applied in agriculture and landscaping. Exposure to this chemical—especially at chronic low levels—has been linked to potential health con

2,3,4-Methylhippuric Acid (2,3,4-MHA) is a metabolite of xylene, a solvent commonly used in industrial and commercial products like paints, varnishes, adhesives, and gasoline. Elevated levels of 2,3,4-MHA in urine typically indicate significant expos

2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid is formed endogenously as a product of branched-chain amino acid degradation and ketogenesis. This compound is also the major metabolite of gasoline octane enhancers such as MTBE and ETBE. MTBE and ETBE are gasoline additi

2-Methylhippuric Acid (2MHA) is a substance your body makes when it breaks down xylene, a chemical solvent commonly found in paints, glues, cleaning products, pesticides, perfumes, and fuels. Testing urine for 2MHA is a simple way to check

3-Methylhippuric Acid (3MHA) is a substance your body makes when breaking down m-xylene, a solvent found in everyday products like paints, varnishes, adhesives, cleaning agents, pesticides, and fuels. Testing urine for 3MHA provides a clear measure o

3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid (3PBA) is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to pyrethroids, a class of insecticides widely used in both household and agricultural settings. Pyrethroids account for approximately 30% of the insecticide market worldwide

4-Methylhippuric Acid (4MHA) is a marker your body produces when it breaks down p-xylene, a chemical solvent found in many common products, including paints, varnishes, adhesives, cleaning agents, pesticides, and fuels. Measuring 4MHA in urine pro

4-Nonylphenols are used in manufacturing antioxidants, lubricating oil additives, laundry and dish detergents, emulsiers, and solubilizers. These compounds are also precursors used to produce paints, pesticides, cosmetics, and plastics. Nonylphenol p

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin produced by several strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. It is found in foods, specifically cereals such as corn and rice, tree nuts, oilseeds (peanut, cottonseed, etc.) and spices, notably those grown in tropi

Aatoxin B2 (AFB2) is a mycotoxin produced by several Aspergillus spp. and found in contaminated foods or hay exposed to water or humid conditions. Exposure routes are primarily ingestion or inhalation. Ingestion can either occur directly from food su

Aflatoxins are naturally occurring Mycotoxins that are produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) is one of the four major naturally known aflatoxins produced by the Aspergillus species.

Aflatoxin G2 is a mycotoxin produced by certain species of molds, particularly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. This toxin is a member of the aflatoxin family, known for its potent carcinogenic and toxic effects on humans and animals.

SOURCES: Found naturally in the environment, air, soil, water. Found in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, pewter, bearings and castings, paints, ceramics, fireworks, plastic enamels, metal and glass. Sometimes used medica

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element found in soil, water, and food, with exposure most often coming from contaminated groundwater, rice, grains, seafood, or certain workplaces. While small amounts are common in daily life, elevated arsenic in ur

Atrazine one of the most widely used herbicides in US to prevent pre- and postemergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn) and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. It used to be the most commonly detected pest

Atrazine is a common herbicide used in agriculture to control weeds. When it's used, it can break down in the environment into different forms, one of which is atrazine mercapturate. Atrazine and its breakdown products have been linked to potenti

Beryllium is a silvery-white metal that is lighter than aluminum but stronger than steel. Its strength-to-weight ratio, reflectivity, transparency to X-rays, thermal stability and conductivity, and high melting point makes it an essential material in

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a xenoestrogen, exhibiting estrogen-mimicking, hormone-like properties that raise concern about its suitability in some consumer products and food containers. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound and it is a startin

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a synthetic compound used in the manufacturing of plastics and resins, commonly found in a wide range of consumer products, such as food and drink containers, water bottles, thermal receipt papers, dental sealants, toys, cosmetic

Butylparaben belongs to the paraben family and is one of the most common antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics such as such as makeup, moisturizers, hair-care products, and shaving creams. It is also used in medication suspensions, and as a avorin

SOURCES: Found in food such as shellfish, leafy vegetables, rice, cereals, cocoa butter, dried seaweed, and legumes. Also present in nickel cadmium batteries, cigarette smoke (including second-hand smoke), insecticides, fertilizer, motor oil, emis

Cesium is a naturally occurring element found combined with other elements in rocks, soil, and dust in low amounts. It is used to make atomic clocks, optical glass, and vacuum tubes. Nuclear explosions or the breakdown of uranium in fuel elements can

Chaetoglobosin A (CHA) is one of the chaetoglobosin mycotoxins produced from the fungus Chaetomium globosum. Chaetomium globosum is the third most common indoor fungal contaminant of damp buildings. It has been isolated from several places such as so

Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that can be detected in a urine test, and its presence often signifies potential exposure to this fungal toxin. Citrinin is primarily produced by various species of molds, particularly Penicillium and Aspergillus, common

Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) is a metabolite of organophosphates, which are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide and are frequently intentionally used as pesticides. They can enter the body through the lungs or skin, or by eating co

Diethylphosphate (DEP) is a metabolite of organophosphate pesticides, which are commonly used in agriculture to control pests and in residential environments to manage insects and rodents. Organophosphates exert their effects by inhibiting acetylchol

Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains in the Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus genera and found in stored grains and other food products. Citrinin has nephrotoxic and gen

Organophosphates are one of the most toxic groups of substances in the world, primarily found in pesticide formulations. They are inhibitors of cholinesterase enzymes, leading to overstimulation of nerve cells, causing sweating, salivation, diarrhea,

Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) is a urinary metabolite that forms when the body breaks down certain organophosphate pesticides, such as malathion, dimethoate, and methyl parathion—chemicals commonly used in agriculture and among the most frequ

Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) is a metabolite of organophosphates, which are among the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. Organophosphates are frequently used as pesticides and can enter the body through the lungs, skin, or by consuming contam

Diphenyl Phosphate (DPP) is a urinary metabolite that forms when the body breaks down organophosphate flame retardants such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), trixylenyl phosphate, and other aryl phosphate esters (APEs). These chemicals are used not only

Enniatin B1 (ENN B1) is a type of mycotoxin—a toxic compound produced by certain molds, most often species of Fusarium. These molds can contaminate grains, cereals, and other plant-based foods, especially when crops are stored in warm or humid

Fusarium is one of the most prevalent fungi associated with contamination of corn and other agricultural products throughout the world. Many different fumonisins have so far been reported, and they have been grouped into four main categories (A, B

Urinary gadolinium (Gd) provides an indication of recent or ongoing exposure to the metal, and endogenous detoxification to a lesser extent. Urinary Gd would be expected to be variably high if urine was collected within a week of medicinal Gd adminis

Gliotoxin is a mycotoxin (toxic substance made by mold), most commonly produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and related mold species. These molds often grow in water-damaged buildings, damp indoor spaces, soil, compost, and decaying plant matter, making

Glyphosate is the world's most widely produced herbicide. It is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used in more than 700 different products for agriculture and forestry to home use. Possible treatment options if in higher ranges: Treatment

The fungicide/pesticide use of mercury has declined due to environmental concerns, but mercury residues persist in the environment. Emissions from coalfired power plants and hospital/municipal incinerators are significant sources of mercury pollution

Methylparaben belongs to the paraben family and is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative. Methylparaben is generally recognized as safe for food and cosmetic antib

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) is a metabolite of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which is part of the common environmental toxins known as phthalates. Phthalates, often referred to as plasticizers, are a group of chemicals used

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) is a metabolite of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer in the manufacturing of flexible plastics. DEHP is widely found in products like PVC flooring, medical devices, and children&

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) is a metabolite of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which belongs to a group of common environmental toxins known as phthalates. Phthalates, also referred to as plasticizers, are chemicals used to make

Mono-2ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is a metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer used in a variety of consumer products, such as vinyl flooring, medical devices, and personal care items. MEHP is primarily detected through

Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is a metabolite of butyl phthalate, which is commonly used as a plasticizer in various consumer products, including plastics, cosmetics, and personal care items. When ingested or absorbed into the body, butyl phthalate break

Monoethylphthalate (MEP) is a metabolite of the widely used chemical compound diethylphthalate (DEP), which is found in many consumer products, including personal care items, plastic products, and fragrances. As a breakdown product of DEP, MEP is com

Monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) is a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a widely used plasticizer found in various consumer products. MiBP is often measured in toxicology panels, such as the ToxDetect panel, to assess potential exposure to phthalat

Mycophenolic Acid is an antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral mycotoxin acid. It is produced by the Penicillium fungus.  Mycophenolic Acid is an immunosuppressant which inhibits the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Mycophenolic Acid e

N-Acetyl (2, hydroxypropyl) Cysteine (NAHP) is a metabolite of propylene oxide, which is majorly used to produce polyurethane plastics and fumigant. These materials are used in polyester resins for the textile and construction industries as well as f

N-Acetyl (2-Cyanoethyl) Cysteine (NACE) is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylonitrile, a chemical found in a variety of products, including acrylic fiber clothing, carpeting, acrylonitrile-based plastics, and plastic food containers

N-Acetyl (3,4-Dihydroxybutyl) Cysteine (NADB) is a metabolite produced as a result of exposure to 1,3-butadiene, a petrochemical primarily used in the production of synthetic rubber, including materials for car and truck tires. It is also an environm

N-Acetyl (Carbomethyl) Cysteine is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylamide, a chemical that is produced when starchy foods like potatoes, grains, and coffee beans are cooked at high temperatures. Other sources of acrylamide exposure

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches. 1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleanin

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP) is a metabolite derived from benzene, a chemical that has been widely used in the past as an industrial solvent. Due to its toxicity and associated health risks, the use of benzene has been significantly reduced. Howeve

Nickel is a naturally occurring metal found in air, water, soil, and many everyday items—including stainless steel, batteries, coins, pigments, jewelry, cosmetics, kitchenware, and certain foods such as chocolate, nuts, seeds, legumes, and grai

Nivalenol (NIV) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium molds, which often contaminate staple grains such as wheat, barley, corn, and oats—particularly in humid or temperate climates. Unlike many contaminants that break down du

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a renal toxin, is produced majorly by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungal species. Ochratoxin A has been found in barley, oats, rye, wheat, coffee beans, and other plant products, with barley having a particularly high likelihood o

Perchlorate (PERC) is a naturally occurring and man-made anion and is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is mainly used for propellants in rocket fuel as well as control static electricity in food packaging. Perchlorate may be accumulated into vegetables

Peruoropentanoate (PFPeA) is a short chain peruoroalkyl acid and used to make various products resistant to oil, stains, grease, and water. PFPeA is ubiquitous in the environment and is spread through water, food, and vehicles. Extensive public healt

Styrene is used in the manufacturing of plastics, in building materials, and is found in car exhaust fumes. Polystyrene and its copolymers are widely used as food-packaging materials. The ability of styrene monomer to leach from polystyrene packaging

Roridin A is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly known as “black mold.” This mold thrives in damp, water-damaged buildings and can also contaminate grains, straw, and other plant materials.

Roridin E is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by several fungi, including Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Cephalosporium, Verticimonosporium, and especially Stachybotrys chartarum—better known as “black mo

Satratoxin G is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin produced by commonly called black mold or Stachybotrys chartarum, that contribute to disorders associated with water-damaged buildings.

T-2 Toxin is a tricothecene produced by species of Fusarium and is one of the rare and deadlier toxins. If ingested in sufficient quantity, T-2 toxin can severely damage the entire digestive tract and cause rapid death due to internal hemorrhage. T-2

SOURCES: Fish, shellfish, plants, cigarettes, soil, air, water, electronic devices, switches and closures for the semi-conductor industry, glass for medical procedures. NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS: Some of its toxic effects results from interferen

Tiglylglycine (TG) is an organic acid and a biomarker of mitochondrial function. It is produced when the body metabolizes the amino acid isoleucine. In healthy individuals, mitochondria—the “power plants” of our cells—process

Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent found in various consumer products, such as toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments. Humans are exposed to triclosan through skin absorption during activities like

Tungsten (atomic number 74) is a naturally occurring metal found in rocks and minerals. It is famous for having the highest melting point of all metals and for maintaining exceptional strength at high temperatures. Because of these unique properti

Urine creatinine is a crucial marker on an Organic Acids panel, primarily used to assess kidney function and the overall adequacy of urine concentration. Creatinine is a waste product formed from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue and is excreted

Zearalenone (ZEN), a potent mycotoxin commonly found in contaminated crops, is increasingly recognized as a critical marker in Total Tox Burden panels due to its significant impact on health. Produced primarily by Fusarium species of fungi, ZEN is of