Gastrointestinal microfilaments of the Actomyosin Network are critical for apical junctional complex biogenesis and function. The apical junctional complex, made up in part by tight junction proteins zonulin and occludin, is responsible for preventing antigen invasion and preservation of the biochemical homeostasis within the gastrointestinal tract. The Actomyosin Network can signal tight junction contractions and give structure to their assembly. Serum Antibodies Appear: → Autoimmune liver disorders → Celiac disease → Chronic hepatitis → Crohn’s disease → Myasthenia Gravis References: Clemente, et al. Enterocyte actin autoantibody detection: a new diagnostic tool in celiac disease, resulst of a multi-center study. Gastroenterol, 2004; 99:1551-1556. Gröschel-Stewart and Doniach. Immunological evidence for human myosin isoenzymes. Immunology, 1969; 17:991-994. Ivanov, et al. Differential roles for actin polymerization and a myosin II motor in assembly of the epithelial apical junctional complex. Mol Biol Cell, 2005; 16:2636-2650. Magalhaes, et al. Studies on the nature and significance of connective tissue antibodies in adult coeliac disease and Crohn’s disease. Gut, 1974; 15:284-288. 5. Romi, et al. Striational antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis: reactivity and possible clinical significance. Arch Neurol, 2005; 62:442-446.
Array 14 - Mucosal Immune Reactivity Screen
Array 14 - Multiple Mucosal Immune Reactivity Screen (Cyrex Laboratories) is a cost-effective, easy, and non-invasive method for measuring mucosal immune reaction to a range of exogenous and endogenous antigens.
The production of IgA and IgM antibodies against antigens in saliva may be an early stage in the induction of inflammation and autoimmunity. If the immune reactivity is not addressed and it may result in a breach of the intestinal barrier, followed by a systemic immune reaction. The inflammation of systemic autoantibodies contributes to the progression of autoimmune and neuroautoimmune reactivity.
Array 14 was developed based on the immunological occurrence that exposure to an antigen via the mouth and intestinal tract results first in the production of IgA antibodies in secretions. Repeated exposure to the same antigen(s) results in the production of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies in the blood. The biomarkers in Array 14 were selected to give an invaluable picture of both likely antigens which may cause immune reactions and the areas they may effect. These include the following:
- Commonly consumed foods such as wheat, lectins, milk, soy, corn and egg
- Gut microbiota-associated toxins
- Toxic chemicals that contaminate food and form neoantigens with food proteins, such as aflatoxin, bisphenol-A and heavy metals
- Rotavirus, which is involved in GI inflammation and the induction of food immune reactivity and autoimmunity
- Tight junction/structural proteins involved in leaky gut and inflammation
- Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis biomarkers such as ASCA, ANCA and calprotectin
- Enzymes such as transglutaminase-2 that are involved in celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity
- Enteric nerve/neural antigens such as myelin basic protein and S100B (BBB) because enteric nerve cells can be damaged by inflammation in the gut. Similar to CNS astrocytes, enteric glia cells express S100B, which is responsible for the maintenance of inflammation in the gut.
- Immune complexes can be formed by triggers such as bacterial antigens, viral antigens, mold antigens, xenobiotics, dietary components, and associated tissue antigens, which further contribute to the entry of antigens, immune complexes, or other inflammatory molecules into the submucosa, and then into circulation. Due to structural similarity between the intestinal barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB), these IgA + IgM antibodies, immune complexes and inflammatory signals can also affect the integrity of the BBB resulting in autoimmunity against nervous system tissues, both in the gut and the brain.
Biomarkers in this category
25 biomarkers · optimal ranges shown
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Antibodies Appear: Dairy allergy
a glycoprotein
Saccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA). It is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies produced against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. Known Cross-Reactions: Mannan, enteric bacterial antigens Antibodies Appear: Crohn’s disease, Sjögren’s syndrome References: Fresko, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisae antibodies (ASCA) in Behçet’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2005; 23(Suppl.38):S67-S70. Font, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome: prevalence and clinical significance. Rheumatol, 1998; 37(12):1287-1291. Gómez-Puerta, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and respiratory disease. Chest, 2009; 136:1011-1111. Lindberg, et al. Antibody (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), yeast mannan, gliadin, ovalbumin and betalactoglobulin in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 1992; 33(7):909–913. Nisihara, et al. Diagnostic role and clinical association of ASCA and ANCA in Brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci, 2010; 55(8):2309-2315. Seibold, et al. pANCA represents a cross-reactivity to enteric bacterial antigens. Clin Immunol, 1998; 18(2):153-160. Thomsen, et al. Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are present in the saliva of Crohn's disease patients and are useful as an alternative to serum antibodies for diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterol, 2000; 95:2503.013; 4:20-32.
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
a physical barrier of endothelial cells and tight junctions
an abundant neutrophil protein.
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Known Cross-Reactions: Cerebellar
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
An immune complex is formed from the binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen and antibody act as a specific antigen. Immune complexes can be subject to any of a number of responses, which can lead to autoimmune reactivity. Antibodies Appear: IgA-related renal disease, Mucosal infection, Sjogren’s syndrome References: Boackle. The interaction of salivary secretions with the human complement system--a model for the study of host defense systems on inflamed mucosal surfaces. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 1991; 2(3):355-367. Hazi-Mihailovic, et al. [Circulating immune complexes, immunoglobulin G, salivary proteins and salivary immunoglobulin A in patients with Sjogren's syndrome]. Srpski Arhiv za Celokupno Lekarstvo, 2009; 137(3-4):134-139. Jones, et al. Polymeric IgA and immune complex concentrations in IgA-related renal disease. Kidney Int. 1990; 38(2):323-331. Vojdani. Saliva immunoassay for detection of antibodies for cardiovascular disease. US Patent 7,258,994 B2, August 21, 2007.
endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria in the gut.
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
Human rotaviruses belong to the family of Reoviridae. Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus that is commonly associated with gastroenteritis in children. Known Cross-Reactions: Pollen allergen of Parietaria References: Aiyar, et al. Rotavirus-specific antibody response in saliva of infants with rotavirus diarrhea. J Infect Dis, 1990; 162:1383-1384. Di Somma, et al. Cross-reactivity between the major Parietaria allergen and rotavirus VP4 protein. Allergy, 2003; 58(6):503-510. Hjelt, et al. Antibody response in serum and intestine in children up to six months after a naturally acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1986; 5:74-80. Mestecky and McGhee. Immunoglobulin A (IgA): molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response. Adv Immunol, l987; 40:153-245. Molyneaux. Human immunity to rotavirus. Med Microbiol, 1995; 43:397-404. Ward, et al. Salivary antibody titers in adults challenged with a human rotavirus. Med Virol, 1992; 36:222-225.
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance
SIgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions
Antibodies Appear: Celiac disease
Associated With: Loss of oral tolerance