Genova Diagnostics

Complete Hormones (24hr)

62 biomarkers Sample: Urine Peer-reviewed

Biomarkers in this category

62 biomarkers · optimal ranges shown

17-Ketosteroids Total (FMV urine)

ANDROGENS such as DHEA, testosterone, and androstenedione tend to be extensively metabolized into downstream androgen compounds. As a result, the levels of testosterone along with “Total 17-ketosteroids” (DHEA plus metabolites) should be used to assess androgen status and/or efficacy of androgen replacement. Total 17-ketosteroids include the following: - DHEA (24hr urine) - Androsterone (24hr urine) - Etiocholanolone (24hr urine) - 11-Keto-androsterone (24hr urine) - 11-Keto-etiocholanolone (24hr urine) - 11-Hydroxy-androsterone (24hr urine) - 11-Hydroxy-etiocholanolone (24hr urine)

Optimal range 576 – 3142 nmol/dL (SG) Learn more
2-Hydroxyestrone + 2-Hydroxyestradiol [2-OH(E1+E2)]

While the traditional 2/16 ratio clinical utility may not be as robust as previously thought, a majority of findings indicate that metabolism of parent estrogens through 2-hydroxylation (independent of any relationship to 16α-OHE1) may be considered as a benign or even protective pathway. Note: Moderation should be used, however, in up-regulating the "lesser estrogenic" 2- hydroxylation pathway, particularly in women with a positive family history of osteoporosis, since excessive 2-hydroxylation has been associated with decreased bone mineral density

Optimal range 1.3 – 36.3 mcg/g Creat. Learn more
2-OH(E1+E2) / 2-MeO(E1+E2)

There is evidence that methoxylated estrogens, especially the 2-pathway methoxylated estrogens (E1 and E2), are associated with decreased breast cancer risk; 2-MeOE2, produced from 2-OHE2, has been described to have anti-proliferative, antingiogenic, and pro-apoptotic activity in multiple types of cancer.

Optimal range 1.6 – 10.7 Ratio Learn more
4-Hydroxyestrone+4-Hydroxyestradiol [4-OH(E1+E2)]

Research focus is shifting toward 4-hydroxyesterone which is thought to have greater estrogenic and genotoxic potential than either 2-hydroxyestrone or 16a-hydroxyestrone. Metabolites of 4-hydroxyestrone may induce DNA damage through redox cycling, which generates reactive oxygen species and form reactive semiquinones and quinones capable of forming adducts with glutathione and purines in DNA. However, studies demonstrate that when DNA is incubated with quinones in the presence of an antioxidant, the formation of the DNA adducts is reduced. - In patients with a low 2-hydroxylation result, metabolism may be shifted toward this pathway by dietary interventions rich in cruciferous vegetables; flax; soy; rosemary and turmeric; exercise that increases lean body mass and decreases BMI; and supplementation with broccoli derivatives indole-3-carbinol (I3C) or diindolylmethane (DIM), as well as omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins B6, B12 and folate. - Support of antioxidant activity appears to be a reasonable proactive step for reducing risk of hormone-related disease. Several natural compounds have exhibited the ability to minimize DNA adduct formation/damage including, resveratrol, N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, and melatonin. Cruciferous and allium vegetables also demonstrate the ability to induce glutathione S-transferases.

Optimal range 0 – 5.9 mcg/g Creat. Learn more
4-Methoxyestrone+4-Methoxyestradiol [4MeO(E1+E2)]

Most recent studies find an increased breast cancer risk associated with the ratio of 4-pathway cetechols to 4-pathway methylated catechols. This increased risk has been seen in cases with less extensive methylation of potentially genotoxic 4-hydroxylation pathway catechols; thus, increased relative levels of 4-methoxyestrogens would be considered favorable.

Optimal range 0 – 1 mcg/g Creat. Learn more