NutriStat Basic Profile

the proportion of unbound or available copper in the bloodstream

Dietary Peptide Related Markers

Dietary Peptide Related Markers

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) is a breakdown product of serotonin that is excreted in the urine.

Alpha-Amino-N-Butyric Acid to Leucine ratio

Branched-Chain Catabolites (B1, B2, B3, ALA)

ENERGY METABOLISM (CITRIC ACID CYCLE)

Branched-Chain Catabolites (B1, B2, B3, ALA)

Branched-Chain Catabolites (B1, B2, B3, ALA)

One of the most common tests for cellular inflammation

Adipic acid is an organic compound commonly found in a variety of foods, especially those containing artificial flavors and additives. It is a significant component in the production of nylon and other synthetic fibers but is also present in small amounts in our bodies as a byproduct of fatty acid metabolism. In a nutritional context, the measurement of adipic acid levels can provide valuable insights into an individual's metabolic health. Elevated levels of adipic acid in the body may indicate issues related to the breakdown of fats, which could be influenced by dietary habits, metabolic disorders, or the overconsumption of processed foods. Monitoring adipic acid can help in identifying imbalances in fatty acid metabolism, guiding dietary adjustments, and potentially improving overall metabolic function. This marker is particularly useful for assessing how well the body is managing the breakdown and utilization of fats, which is crucial for maintaining energy balance and preventing the accumulation of harmful substances in the bloodstream. Understanding adipic acid levels can thus play a critical role in optimizing nutritional health and preventing metabolic complications.

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Polyunsaturated Omega-3 Fatty Acids

An intermediary metabolite of lysine and tryptophan.

also known as Alpha-amino-N-butyric acid (A-ANB)

SOURCES: Found in virtually all foodand food additives, water, air, and soil. Also found in antacids, antiperspirants, cosmetics, astringents, cans, pots, pans, siding, roofing, and foil. NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS: Calcium deficiency, citric acid, and low gut pH causes increased Al absorption. Low iron intake increases Al absorption (rat study). Selenium may be protective against Al. Al reduces phosphorus and fluoride absorption. Al disrupts lipid membrane fluidity, altering Fe, magnesium, and calcium homeostasis, causing oxidative stress. PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS: Accumulates in bone, liver, kidney, and spleen. Causes mitochondrial dysfunction due to Krebs cycle enzyme activity disturbance and electron transport chain alterations. Alters the enzymes in the glutamate system, which may be one of the causes of aluminum-induced neurotoxicity. Parathyroid hormone levels and osteoclast activity are disrupted by Al. Al can also slow calcification of new boneand deposits in the bone matrix in place of calcium. Disrupts normal iron homeostasis and iron-dependent cellular metabolism. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Anemia, CNS functional, sensory and cognitive alterations, and bone abnormalities like osteodystrophy.

Dietary Peptide Related Markers

Toxic Elements

A long-chain saturated fatty acid.

An inflammatory omega-6 fatty acid.

Amino Acid

Toxic Elements

Nonessential Protein Amino Acid

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Precursor to Coenzyme Q10 production

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Part of the group of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs).

Benzoate, measured in an organic acids (OA) test, is a compound involved in the detoxification of aromatic compounds and the breakdown of phenols and certain amino acids. It’s primarily processed in the liver, where it combines with glycine to form hippurate, which is then excreted in the urine. This process helps the body eliminate excess chemicals, environmental toxins, and food preservatives, making benzoate an important marker of detoxification capacity and liver function.

is readily absorbed across the lungs and skin

A non-essential amino acid

Biotin Markers

Toxic and Nutrient Elements

Toxic Elements

Dietary Peptide Related Markers

What is Ceruloplasmin? Ceruloplasmin is a copper-containing enzyme that plays a role in the body's iron metabolism. This test measures the amount of ceruloplasmin in the blood. Function of copper: Copper is an essential mineral that plays a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, formation of connective tissue, energy production at the cellular level, and the function of the nervous system. It is absorbed from food and liquids by the intestines and then transported to the liver, where it is stored or used to produce a variety of enzymes. The liver binds copper to a protein to produce ceruloplasmin and then releases it into the bloodstream. About 95% of the copper in the blood is bound to ceruloplasmin. Because of this, the ceruloplasmin test can be used along with one or more copper tests to help diagnose Wilson disease, an inherited disorder that can lead to excess storage of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. When To Get Tested? When you have jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, behavioral changes, tremors, or other symptoms that a health practitioner thinks may be due to Wilson disease or, rarely, to copper deficiency; at intervals when monitoring is recommended. Test results: Test results may vary depending on your age, gender, health history, the method used for the test, and other things. Your test results may not mean you have a problem. Ask your healthcare provider what your test results mean for you. References: Diagnostic Value of Ceruloplasmin in the Diagnosis of Pediatric Wilson's Disease, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600703/ Ceruloplasmin and iron in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: a synopsis of recent studies, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3493298/

Chromium is ubiquitous in foods at low low concentrations. Derived from processing of food with stainless steel equipment. Also present in tobacco smoke, chrome, plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving and is deposited into air, water, and soil. Blood distribution of chromium appears to be equally divided between plasma and RBCs, whole blood chromium the sample type for total chromium measurement. Chromium (VI) is more concentrated in the RBCs, while chromium (III) does not enter the RBCs. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish sources and types of exposure to indicate toxic (Cr VI) exposure versus benign (Cr III) by measuring RBC chromium. Chromium rapidly clears from the blood and measurements relate to recent exposure. Urinary chromium excretion reflects absorption of the previous one to two days. Chromium is often given as a supplement to treat glucose intolerance by improving insulin sensitivity. → There is debate as to whether chromium is an essential trace element. → Hip prosthesis, bearing surfaces are made from cobalt and other materials, including chromium. → Welding produces fumes that may contain chromium and other metals (Mn, As, Fe, Ni). → Dietary chromium absorption is low. → Chromium is bound to the protein transferring in the bloodstream. → Conditions that increase circulating glucose and insulin increase urinary chromium output. Symptoms of imbalance: Currently, no symptoms of chromium deficiency exist. Compounds containing hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) are mutagenic and carcinogenic in large quantities. No adverse effects have been associated with trivalent chromium (chromium III), the form and food and supplements. Inhaled chromium may cause irritation to the lining of the nose, nose, ulcers, runny nose, and breathing proble, asthma, cough, shortness of breath, or wheezing. Dermal contact with chromium, make her skin, ulcers, redness, and swelling. Ingested, chromium and brackets in animals may cause irritation, and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine and anemia. The FDA recommends testing chromium in whole blood in patients with metal on metal hip implants who have symptoms. These symptoms may include localized pain due to damage bone and/or tissue surrounding the implant and joint.

Involved in both energy production and removal of toxic ammonia.

Energy Metabolism

Urea Cycle Markers

Sources: Cobalt is a hard silvery-bluish metal widely dispersed in nature in low concentrations. Diet, environment and supplements are the main sources of cobalt for the general public. The highest cobalt concentration in foods include chocolate, butter, coffee, fish, nuts, green leaf feed, vegetables, and cereals. Vitamin B12 (contains cobalt) is found in meat and dairy. Cosmetics, jewelry and electronics may be other sources of exposure. Absorption: Cobalt binds to albumin. iron deficiency can be associated with increased absorption of cobalt. The G.I. absorption of cobalt is approximately 25%. Once absorbed, cobalt disseminates to serum, whole blood, liver, kidneys, heart, and spleen, and to a lesser extent, bones, hair, lymph, brain and pancreas. Biochemical Actions: Cobalt is a necessary element for the formation of vitamin B12. The B12 RDI is 2.4 mcg/d and contains 0.1 mcg cobalt. Cobalt is an essential trace element that is part of the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek, and it plays a crucial role in our overall health. Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which is vital for red blood cell production, nerve function, and DNA synthesis. When you see cobalt levels measured in your profile, it’s usually reflecting your body's intake and utilization of vitamin B12. Elevated levels of cobalt can occur from excessive vitamin B12 supplementation or from high dietary intake, which is generally not a cause for concern unless it leads to toxicity. Conversely, low cobalt levels might indicate a deficiency in vitamin B12, which can result in symptoms like fatigue, weakness, memory problems, and anemia. It's also important to consider environmental exposure, as cobalt can be found in industrial settings, and chronic exposure may lead to respiratory issues or other health problems. Understanding your cobalt levels helps in assessing your nutritional status and potential exposure risks, and it is often best interpreted with the help of a healthcare provider who can provide personalized advice based on your overall health, diet, and lifestyle.

an essential element

Why measure Copper, Serum or Plasma? Blood serum is the portion of an individual’s blood that is not a red or white blood cell and not a blood clotting agent. Therefore, blood serum contains all of the minerals, proteins, electrolytes, and hormones that are found in blood. One of the minerals found in blood serum is copper, and the copper blood serum test is used to assess how much copper is in the serum. If free copper levels are too high, doctors may suspect Wilson’s disease or overuse of dietary supplements containing copper – the latter being the most common cause of abnormally high copper blood levels. If free copper serum test levels are too low (relatively uncommon), one may be suffering from malnourishment or may have Menkes syndrome, a hereditary condition that normally develops in infancy and is very often fatal. Copper functions: The human body needs approximately 50 to 80 milligrams of copper to function properly. Copper is taken from ingested food and absorbed into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream, copper attaches to a protein called ceruloplasmin, which transports the copper all over the body. Copper in the blood that does not attach to ceruloplasmin is called free copper. Having too much free copper in the blood can be very dangerous. The free copper will start to move out of the bloodstream and into tissue of the brain, eyes, and kidneys. As the copper starts to build up, it destroys the cells around it, which decreases the functioning of these organs. What is Wilson's disease (WND)? Wilson’s disease is hereditary and, as of yet, there is no cure. Fortunately, however, the symptoms can be managed. If symptoms are left untreated, the disease can be fatal. A copper plasma/serum test is most often used to test for or rule out the presence of Wilson’s disease. The condition disrupts the body’s process for eliminating copper from the body; and so as copper continues to be consumed, copper levels in the blood continue to rise. Much of the body’s copper is found in the liver, which is supposed to filter excess copper into waste so that it can pass out of the body. Wilson’s disease stops copper filtering through the liver appropriately, and one is left with free copper blood levels as much as six times greater than an individual without the disorder. The copper plasma test assesses how much free copper is in an individual’s blood. Wilson's disease (WND) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. The worldwide prevalence of Wilson's disease is estimated at about 30 in 1 million. In WND, copper stored in the hepatocytes cannot be properly eliminated or complexed to ceruloplasmin, leading to excessive copper accumulation in the liver and other organs, particularly the brain. This condition manifests with various symptoms, including neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological, and hepatic manifestations. To diagnose and monitor Wilson's disease, several laboratory tests related to copper metabolism are used. Traditionally, the assessment of copper metabolism in WND involved tests such as serum ceruloplasmin concentration, radioactive copper test, total serum copper concentration, urinary copper excretion, and liver copper content. However, the results of these tests may not always be straightforward and can be challenging to interpret. Copper levels as a diagnostic tool: Copper levels in different biological samples can provide valuable diagnostic information. For instance, low serum copper levels are observed in Menkes syndrome. Copper in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reported to mirror the neurotoxicity of copper in Wilson's disease. Liver copper measurement is used to confirm Wilson's disease and Menkes syndrome and may be applied in cases of liver disease with uncertain etiology. In certain situations, copper testing is employed to assess copper toxicity in premature infants when they are acutely ill and unable to assimilate copper in their prescribed nutrition. Copper testing is also used in cases of acute copper intoxication and "Indian childhood cirrhosis," a condition not limited to Indian children.

The Copper/Zinc Ratio on a NutriSTAT panel represents a significant biomarker in nutritional and health assessments, offering insights into the balance between two essential trace elements: copper and zinc. Copper and zinc are pivotal for numerous physiological processes. Copper plays a crucial role in: → the formation of red blood cells, → the maintenance of nerve cells, → and the immune system. It is also a key component in the formation of collagen, and it functions as a cofactor for several enzymes, including those involved in energy production and antioxidant defense. Zinc, on the other hand, is vital for: → immune function, → wound healing, → DNA synthesis, → and cell division. It also acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes, influencing various metabolic processes. The Copper/Zinc ratio is important because an imbalance in these trace elements can lead to various health issues. Elevated copper levels relative to zinc can be indicative of conditions such as Wilson's disease, an inherited disorder causing copper accumulation in organs, or may reflect chronic or acute inflammation. Conversely, a higher zinc level relative to copper can be seen in dietary zinc supplementation or malabsorption issues affecting copper uptake. The ideal ratio is subject to individual variation, but significant deviations may suggest a need for dietary modifications or further clinical investigation. Clinically, the Copper/Zinc ratio can be utilized to evaluate the nutritional status of patients, especially in contexts of chronic diseases, inflammatory conditions, and metabolic disorders. It aids in diagnosing and monitoring conditions where these trace elements are known to be involved. Furthermore, this ratio is used to tailor nutritional therapies, ensuring that supplementation of one mineral does not adversely affect the balance of the other, thereby maintaining optimal physiological function and supporting overall health. The assessment of this ratio, as part of the broader NutriSTAT panel, provides a comprehensive view of an individual's micronutrient status, guiding personalized nutrition and healthcare interventions.

A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands

B-Vitamin Markers

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Delta 6 Desaturase is an essential enzyme involved in the metabolism of fatty acids, which are vital components of our cells and play critical roles in maintaining overall health. Specifically, Delta 6 Desaturase helps convert dietary fats into essential fatty acids like gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are crucial for producing anti-inflammatory molecules and supporting brain function, heart health, and immune response. The Nutristat Basic Profile from US Biotek measures the activity of this enzyme to provide insights into an individual's fatty acid metabolism. When Delta 6 Desaturase activity is optimal, it indicates that the body efficiently processes dietary fats into beneficial compounds. However, low activity can suggest potential metabolic issues, such as an increased risk of inflammation, cardiovascular problems, or impaired cognitive function. Factors that can affect Delta 6 Desaturase activity include diet, genetics, aging, and lifestyle habits such as smoking or alcohol consumption. By understanding this marker, healthcare providers can recommend personalized dietary and lifestyle interventions to enhance fatty acid metabolism and improve overall health. For instance, increasing the intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids through foods like fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, or reducing factors that inhibit enzyme activity, can help optimize Delta 6 Desaturase function. Thus, monitoring Delta 6 Desaturase activity offers a valuable window into an individual's metabolic health and potential areas for nutritional support.

a strong anti-inflammatory.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

An omega 6 fatty acid.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Ethylmalonic acid is a significant marker often evaluated in clinical settings to provide insights into metabolic processes within the body. Elevated levels of this compound can indicate a variety of metabolic disturbances, particularly those involving fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial function. Ethylmalonic acid is produced during the breakdown of certain fatty acids and is typically excreted in the urine. When its levels are higher than normal, it may suggest an underlying metabolic disorder, such as a deficiency in certain enzymes that are crucial for breaking down fatty acids properly. This can be seen in conditions like short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD), which is a rare inherited disorder. In addition, high ethylmalonic acid levels can also be associated with other factors such as dietary imbalances, especially excessive intake of certain fatty acids, or exposure to environmental toxins that affect mitochondrial function. By monitoring ethylmalonic acid levels, healthcare providers can better understand a patient's metabolic health and make more informed decisions regarding diagnosis, treatment, and dietary recommendations. This marker is particularly useful in identifying issues related to energy production and overall mitochondrial health, which are critical for maintaining optimal physiological function.

Methylation Markers (Folate, B12)

Used in the body’s metabolic pathway that generates cellular energy.

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Precursor of both Dihomogamma Linolenic Acid (DGLA) and Arachidonic Acid (AA).

CARBOHYDRATE Metabolism/Glycolysis

The Glutamic Acid/Glutamine Ratio is used to identify specimen handling issues that cause spontaneous degradation of glutamine to glutamate, and can reveal the origin of difficulty maintaining systemic pH balance. What is Glutamate (glutamic acid)? Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain which is necessary for memory and learning. In fact, it is believed that 70% of the fast excitatory central nervous system synapses utilize glutamate as a transmitter. An event or process that dramatically increases the activity of glutamate often induces the death of neurons. Such a scenario is believed to take place in e.g. ischemia, trauma, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and hepatic encephalopathy.; More mild but chronic malfunctioning of glutamatergic systems may be involved in many neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIDS-neurodegeneration, Tourette’s syndrome, and Korsakoff syndrome. It is unlikely that a disturbance of glutamate homeostasis is the sole initiator of these neurodegenerative diseases, but rather that excitotoxicity plays a pivotal executive role in events triggered by other processes such as energy deficits that facilitate the neurotoxic potential of endogenous glutamate. What is Glutamine? Glutamine is an amino acid which acts as a precursor to glutamate. Glutamine aids in the maintenance of gut barrier function, intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation. Glutamine supplementation is commonly utilized to help repair the mucosal lining of the gut which can help with food sensitivities and other stomach/ intestinal issues. High levels may be a sign of inhibitory/excitatory imbalances in the neurotransmitter system. ---------------------------------- References: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16776830/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32236804/ https://ur.booksc.eu/book/26508184/4fffe8 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11844641/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9755377/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/429309/ https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(13)00327-2/fulltext https://academic.microsoft.com/paper/2952506610/citedby/search?q=High%20plasma%20glutamate%20and%20low%20glutamine-to-glutamate%20ratio%20are%20associated%20with%20type%202%20diabetes%3A%20Case-cohort%20study%20within%20the%20PREDIMED%20trial&qe=RId%253D2952506610&f=&orderBy=0 https://www.uv.es/symbiosis/pdfs/palomo-buitragoetal2019.pdf https://abran.org.br/new/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/1617646504_glutamato_glutamina_ic.pdf https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00561/full https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197018606003299?via%3Dihub https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8841951/

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Glycine/Serine Metabolites

Gondoic Acid: A Vital Omega-9 Fatty Acid in the Nutristat Basic Profile Gondoic acid, also known as cis-11-eicosenoic acid, is a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid found in various plant and animal sources. The measurement of gondoic acid levels on a Nutristat Basic Profile from US Biotek can provide valuable insights into your overall health and nutritional status (US Biotek, 2022). Importance of Gondoic Acid This fatty acid, although less commonly discussed compared to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, plays a significant role in maintaining healthy cell membranes and metabolic functions (Spector & Yorek, 1985). Gondoic acid is typically found in oils such as rapeseed (canola) oil, and some fish and nuts (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002). Adequate Levels and Imbalances Adequate levels of gondoic acid are important for energy production and the synthesis of important biological molecules (Pehowich, 1999). Elevated or deficient levels of gondoic acid in your profile can indicate imbalances in dietary intake or metabolism. For instance, high levels might suggest an overconsumption of certain oils, whereas low levels could indicate a deficiency that might need to be addressed through dietary adjustments or supplementation (Vessby, 2003). Optimizing Health through Gondoic Acid Monitoring Understanding your gondoic acid levels as part of the Nutristat Basic Profile helps in tailoring dietary recommendations to optimize your health, support metabolic processes, and ensure your body has the necessary components to function efficiently (Simopoulos, 2002). By monitoring and maintaining a balanced intake of gondoic acid, along with other essential fatty acids, you can promote overall well-being and reduce the risk of potential health issues associated with imbalances in fatty acid metabolism. References: Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., & Appel, L. J. (2002). Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 106(21), 2747-2757. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000038493.65177.94 Pehowich, D. J. (1999). Fatty acid composition of lion's mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. Food Chemistry, 66(1), 81-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00258-9 Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 56(8), 365-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00253-6 Spector, A. A., & Yorek, M. A. (1985). Membrane lipid composition and cellular function. Journal of Lipid Research, 26(9), 1015-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38201-5 US Biotek. (2022). Nutristat Basic Profile. https://usbiotek.com/nutristat-basic-profile/ Vessby, B. (2003). Dietary fat, fatty acid composition in plasma and the metabolic syndrome. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 14(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200302000-00003

Amino Acid

a major catecholamine metabolite

Hydroxylysine is an amino acid related to collagen.

Hydroxyproline is a collagen related amino acid.

Can be looked at in relation to your collagen metabolism

an essential mineral

Energy Metabolism

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Kynurenine Markers (Vitamin B6)

Carbohydrate Metabolism / Glycolysis

Toxic Elements

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Part of the group of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs).

Most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in most human tissues.

Amino Acid

Sources: Green leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, medicines (e.g., Milk of Magnesia), Epsom salt. Over the last 60 years, the Mg content in fruits and vegetables has decreased by 20-30%,and 80-90% of Mg is lost during food processing. Absorption factors: The intestine, bone and kidney maintain magnesium homeostasis. Unlike other minerals, Mg can be absorbed along the entire length of the GI tract. Soft drinks, low protein diets, foods containing phytates, polyphenols and oxalic acid, fluoride, antibiotics, and oral contraceptives bind to magnesium and produce insoluble precipitatesor complexes, negatively impacting Mg availability and absorption. Caffeine, alcohol and diuretics (e.g., furosemide, bumetanide) increase renal excretion of Mg. Antacids (e.g., omeprazole) affect Mg absorption due to the increase in GI pH. Biochemical reactions: Mg plays a role in hundredsofenzymatic reactions involved in hormone receptor binding, muscle contraction, neural activity, neurotransmitter release, vasomotor tone, blood glucose control,mitochondrial energy production, and cardiac excitability. RBC magnesium is often cited as preferable to serum and plasma levels due to their higher magnesium content (0.5% vs 0.3%). Serum is used to assess hyper-or hypomagnesemia. Urinary Mg may not correlate with Mg status in the body due to the variable degree of renal reabsorption and secretion. Variables affecting this include dietary intake, existing Mg status, mobilization from bone and muscle, hormones (estrogen, parathyroid, calcitonin, glucagon), medications (diuretics, chemotherapy), diabetes. Anywhere between 5% to 70% of filtered Mg may be excreted in the urine.24-hour urine levels may be more reliable than spot urine. Normal or high urinary excretion is thought to indicate renal Mg wasting, whereas low Mg excretion suggests reduced intestinal absorption.

Energy Metabolism

Sources: Whole grains (wheat germs, oats anda bran), rice, and nuts (hazelnuts, almonds, and pecans) contain the highest amount of Manganese. Other food sources include chocolate, tea, mussels, clams, legumes, fruit, leafy vegetables (spinach), seeds (flax, sesame, pumpkin, sunflower, and pine nuts) and spices (chili powder, cloves and saffron). Airborne exposure can occur through automobile exhaust, unleaded gasoline and occupational exposire (mining, welding, ferroalloy and steel industry, battery manufacturing). It is also present in fungicides, textile bleaching, manufacturing of glass and ceramics, paint, matches and fireworks, leather tanning, hydroquinone, potassium permanganate and other chemical production. Soil manganese concentrations can contaminate well water. Absorption: Only about 1 to 5% of dietary manganese is absorbed in the gut. Absorption is influenced by intestinal pH, the presence of divalent metal transporter DMT1, other divalent metals, competing for absorption (iron, copper, zinc, copper, calcium) and phytic acid. The absorption of manganese is tightly regulated in the gut, and therefore toxicity from the diet has not been reported. Iron deficiency increase as manganese absorption. Supplemental magnesium (200 mg per day) may decrease manganese availability by decreasing absorption or increasing excretion. Manganese is eliminated mainly via bile. Biochemical actions: Required for immune function, regulation of blood, sugar and cellular energy, reproduction, digestion, bone growth, black, coagulation, hemostasis, wound healing, and antioxidant. Manganese is incorporated into metalloproteins, such as superoxide, dismutase, and others. Symptoms of imbalance: Manganese deficiency is rare and result in impaired growth, poor bone formation, and skeletal defects, abnormal glucose tolerance, altered lipid and carbohydrate, metabolism, dermatitis, slowed hair/nail growth. Disease is reported with low blood manganese concentrations include epilepsy, Mseleni disease, Down's syndrome, osteoporosis and Perthst disease. Individuals with increased susceptibility to manganese toxicity include patients with chronic liver disease, newborns and children, iron, deficient populations, patients on parenteral nutrition, and occupational exposure. Manganese is neurotoxic and excess levels have been associated with Parkinson's like symptoms. A blood manganese level may provide the best estimate for brain manganese levels when exposure is recent. Manganese toxicity is generally due to environmental or occupational exposures, including airborne (inhaled) and drinking water. Periods of occupation exposure of six months to two years may lead to manganism and the motor and neural psychiatric symptoms may remain several years after the exposure. Symptoms include dystonia, bradykinesia, and rigidity (due to damage to dopaminergic neurons) and gliosis. Additional symptoms include tremors, muscle spasms, tinnitus, hearing loss, ataxia, mania, insomnia, depression, delusions, anorexia, headaches, irritability, lower extremity weakness, changes in mood or short-term memory, altered reaction times, and reduced hand eye coordination. References: Aschner M, Erikson K. Manganese. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(3):520-521. Avila DS, Puntel RL, Aschner M. Manganese in health and disease. Metal ions in life sciences. 2013;13:199-227. Erikson KM, Aschner M. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health. Metal ions in life sciences. 2019;19. University OS. Manganese. Linus Pauling Institute - Micronutrient Information Center - Minerals 2020; https://lpi. oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/manganese, 2020. NIH. Manganese Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets 2020; https://ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/Manganese-HealthProfessional/, 2020.

Toxic Elements

Amino Acid

Methyl-Succinic Acid is a compound measured in urine that provides valuable insights into the metabolic processes occurring within the body. It is a key biomarker for evaluating mitochondrial function, which is crucial for energy production in cells. Specifically, elevated levels of Methyl-Succinic Acid can indicate issues with the body's ability to break down certain types of fats. This can be related to a deficiency in specific enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle, an essential energy-producing pathway. When these enzymes are deficient or not functioning properly, it can lead to an accumulation of intermediate compounds, including Methyl-Succinic Acid, in the urine. Monitoring this marker can help identify metabolic imbalances and provide clues to underlying health conditions, such as metabolic disorders, mitochondrial dysfunctions, or even chronic fatigue syndrome. By understanding the levels of Methyl-Succinic Acid, healthcare providers can gain a better picture of an individual's metabolic health and devise more targeted nutritional and therapeutic interventions. This biomarker thus plays a critical role in assessing and managing conditions related to impaired energy metabolism.

Methylation Markers (Folate, B12)

Toxic and Nutrient Elements

The Monounsaturated Fats, Total marker provides valuable information about the level of monounsaturated fats in your body. Monounsaturated fats are a type of healthy fat found in various foods, including olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds. These fats are known for their beneficial effects on heart health, as they can help reduce bad cholesterol levels and lower the risk of heart disease. The Nutristat Basic Profile measures the total amount of these fats in your system, offering insights into your dietary intake and how well your body is utilizing these important nutrients. Maintaining an appropriate level of monounsaturated fats is crucial because they play a role in various bodily functions, including cell structure and hormone production. Understanding your monounsaturated fat levels can guide you in making informed dietary choices, ensuring you include sufficient sources of these healthy fats in your diet to support overall health and well-being. By monitoring this marker, you can work towards achieving a balanced diet that promotes cardiovascular health and optimal nutritional status.

A medium chain fatty acid (=MCFA)

A monounsaturated fatty acid.

toxic element

Most common monounsaturated fatty acid in human cells.

Cardiovascular Risk

The marker Omega 3, Total represents the combined levels of various omega-3 fatty acids in your blood. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own, meaning they must be obtained through diet or supplements. They are known for their numerous health benefits, including supporting heart health, reducing inflammation, and aiding in brain function. The "Omega 3, Total" measurement typically includes important omega-3s like EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). A sufficient level of omega-3s in your blood is crucial because these fats help to maintain cell membranes, regulate blood clotting, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis. When you see the "Omega 3, Total" on your Nutristat Basic Profile, it provides a snapshot of your omega-3 status, helping you understand if your current diet is providing enough of these beneficial fats. If your levels are low, it might be a sign to increase your intake of omega-3-rich foods like fatty fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts, or to consider omega-3 supplements. Ensuring you have adequate omega-3 levels is an important step towards maintaining overall health and well-being.

The Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio is an important marker that provides valuable insight into your overall health and dietary balance. Omega-3 and Omega-6 are essential fatty acids, meaning they are crucial for your body's functions but must be obtained through your diet since your body cannot produce them. Omega-3 fatty acids, commonly found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and benefits for heart health, brain function, and overall well-being. In contrast, Omega-6 fatty acids, found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, while also necessary for health, tend to promote inflammation when consumed in excess. The balance between these two types of fatty acids is crucial; a proper ratio helps maintain cellular health, supports immune function, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases. An ideal Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio is generally considered to be around 1:4, but modern diets often skew heavily towards Omega-6, leading to ratios as high as 1:20 or more. This imbalance can contribute to increased inflammation and a higher risk of conditions like heart disease, arthritis, and other inflammatory disorders. By evaluating your Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio through the Nutristat Basic Profile, you can gain a clearer understanding of your dietary intake and make informed adjustments to achieve a healthier balance, ultimately promoting better long-term health.

The marker Omega 6, Total measures the overall amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your body. Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat found in many common foods, such as vegetable oils (like corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil), nuts, seeds, and some meats. These fats are essential for human health because they play a crucial role in brain function, skin and hair growth, bone health, and the regulation of metabolism. However, it's important to maintain a proper balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, another type of essential fat, to avoid potential health issues. An excess of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3s can lead to inflammation and is linked to chronic diseases like heart disease, arthritis, and some types of cancer. Therefore, monitoring your "Omega 6, Total" levels can provide valuable insights into your dietary intake and help you adjust your diet to achieve a healthier balance of fats. This can be particularly beneficial for reducing inflammation, improving cardiovascular health, and supporting overall well-being.

Omega 6 and 3 are two essential fats that are categorized as polyunsaturated fatty acids

Urea Cycle Markers

A saturated fatty acid

A monounsaturated fatty acid.

Oxidative Damage / Antioxidant markers

Amino Acid

This ratio evaluates the body’s ability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

Glycine/Serine Metabolites

Produced under inflammatory conditions

Pimelic acid, found in urine, is a significant metabolic marker that provides insights into various biochemical processes within the body. This compound is a dicarboxylic acid that plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of biotin, an essential B-vitamin necessary for numerous metabolic functions, including the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Elevated levels of pimelic acid in the urine can indicate disruptions in biotin metabolism, which may result from dietary deficiencies, genetic disorders, or other metabolic conditions. Monitoring pimelic acid levels can help identify potential biotin deficiencies or malabsorption issues, guiding dietary adjustments and interventions. Additionally, this marker can be associated with the gut microbiome's health, as certain bacteria produce pimelic acid. Imbalances in these microbial populations can impact overall health and nutrient absorption. Therefore, understanding and interpreting pimelic acid levels in urine can provide valuable information about an individual's nutritional status and metabolic health, helping to tailor personalized health strategies.

toxic element

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

Pyruvic acid, also known as pyruvate, is a key intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the body. Its presence in urine can provide valuable insights into a person's metabolic health and energy production processes. Pyruvic acid is a product of glycolysis, the process by which glucose is broken down to produce energy. After glycolysis, pyruvate can follow several pathways: it can be converted into acetyl-CoA and enter the Krebs cycle for further energy production, or it can be transformed into lactate under anaerobic conditions. Elevated levels of pyruvic acid in urine might indicate issues with carbohydrate metabolism, potential enzyme deficiencies, or problems in the Krebs cycle. Additionally, high pyruvic acid levels can be associated with various metabolic disorders, such as mitochondrial dysfunction or pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Conversely, low levels of pyruvic acid may suggest an inadequate supply of glucose or other substrates necessary for energy production, possibly due to dietary deficiencies or other health conditions. Monitoring pyruvic acid in urine is therefore crucial for understanding and managing various metabolic and health conditions, making it an important marker in assessing overall metabolic function and energy production efficiency.

Kynurenine Markers (Vitamin B6)

Glycine/Serine Metabolites

Saturated Fats, Total is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based oils like coconut and palm oil and peanut butter. These fats are typically solid at room temperature. Monitoring the total amount of saturated fats in your diet is crucial because high intake is linked to an increased risk of developing heart disease and other health issues. When you consume too many saturated fats, it can lead to higher levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, in your blood. This can cause fatty deposits to build up in your arteries, narrowing them and making it harder for blood to flow through. Over time, this increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. The Nutristat Basic Profile measures the total amount of saturated fats you consume to help you understand and manage your dietary intake. By keeping track of this marker, you can make informed dietary choices, such as opting for leaner cuts of meat, low-fat dairy products, and healthier cooking oils like olive oil. Reducing your intake of saturated fats can significantly improve your overall health and lower your risk of heart disease.

Sources: The selenium content of grains and vegetables depends on the selenium content of the soil. In meats, selenium content is dependent on the diet of the animals. Foods with higher selenium content include Brazil nuts, seafood (especially tuna), chicken, beef, pork, lamb. Also present in air, water, soil, metallurgy, airborne coal/oil emissions, dandruff shampoo, paints, photo cells, drums, photocopiers, glass, ceramics, rubber, pharmaceuticals. Absorption factors: Selenium tends to be well absorbed, and the bioavailability of selenium in the form of selenomethionine is greater than 90%. Sulfur, lead, arsenic, calcium and iron reduced the absorption of selenium. Urine is the main route of excretion and reflects recent dietary intake. Plasma is useful for assessing nutritional selenium status. Biochemical reactions: Selenium is a part of selenoproteins that are important for antioxidant defense, thyroid hormone formation, DNA synthesis, and reproduction. Deiodinases in the thyroid incorporate selenium and I'm important for conversion of thyroxine to active T3. Glutathione peroxidase is a selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide. Some research suggest that plasma glutathione peroxidase levels may be a good indicator of selenium status.

Glycine/Serine Metabolites

Silver is a marker on the NutriStat Basic Profile by US BioTek that helps assess the level of this metal in your body. While silver is not an essential nutrient for human health, it can be present in the body due to various sources, including dietary intake, environmental exposure, and the use of silver-containing products. In medical contexts, silver is sometimes used for its antibacterial properties in wound dressings and certain medical devices. However, elevated levels of silver in the body can be concerning. High silver levels may indicate exposure to silver from industrial settings, contaminated food or water, or overuse of silver supplements or colloidal silver products, which some people use for purported health benefits. Chronic exposure to high levels of silver can lead to a condition known as argyria, where silver deposits in the skin and other organs, causing a blue-gray discoloration. This condition is generally considered permanent and more cosmetic than harmful, though it does signal significant exposure. Interpreting silver levels requires understanding your environmental and dietary habits and potential occupational exposures. If elevated levels are detected, it’s important to identify and mitigate the source of exposure, often with the guidance of a healthcare professional, to avoid potential health risks associated with prolonged silver accumulation in the body.

A saturated fatty acid that is two carbon atoms longer than palmitic acid.

Suberic acid is an important organic compound that can be measured to gain insights into metabolic processes within the body. It is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) at each end of its molecular structure. This compound is naturally produced during the breakdown of fatty acids, specifically through a process called beta-oxidation. Elevated levels of suberic acid in the body can indicate issues with fatty acid metabolism, which may be due to a deficiency in specific nutrients like carnitine, necessary for transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are broken down for energy. Additionally, high suberic acid levels might suggest mitochondrial dysfunction, where the energy-producing organelles in cells are not working efficiently. This can result from various factors, including genetic conditions, nutrient deficiencies, or environmental toxins. Monitoring suberic acid levels can thus be a valuable tool for identifying metabolic imbalances and guiding nutritional and therapeutic interventions to restore optimal metabolic function.

Energy Metabolism

Amino Acid

toxic element

Amino Acid

toxic element

key nitrogen donors

The Total Monounsaturated Fats marker provides valuable information about the level of monounsaturated fats in your body. Monounsaturated fats are a type of healthy fat found in various foods, including olive oil, avocados, nuts, and seeds. These fats are known for their beneficial effects on heart health, as they can help reduce bad cholesterol levels and lower the risk of heart disease. The Nutristat Basic Profile measures the total amount of these fats in your system, offering insights into your dietary intake and how well your body is utilizing these important nutrients. Maintaining an appropriate level of monounsaturated fats is crucial because they play a role in various bodily functions, including cell structure and hormone production. Understanding your monounsaturated fat levels can guide you in making informed dietary choices, ensuring you include sufficient sources of these healthy fats in your diet to support overall health and well-being. By monitoring this marker, you can work towards achieving a balanced diet that promotes cardiovascular health and optimal nutritional status.

The marker Total Omega 3 Fatty acids represents the combined levels of various omega-3 fatty acids in your blood. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that the body cannot produce on its own, meaning they must be obtained through diet or supplements. They are known for their numerous health benefits, including supporting heart health, reducing inflammation, and aiding in brain function. The "Omega 3, Total" measurement typically includes important omega-3s like EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). A sufficient level of omega-3s in your blood is crucial because these fats help to maintain cell membranes, regulate blood clotting, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis. When you see the "Omega 3, Total" on your Nutristat Basic Profile, it provides a snapshot of your omega-3 status, helping you understand if your current diet is providing enough of these beneficial fats. If your levels are low, it might be a sign to increase your intake of omega-3-rich foods like fatty fish, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts, or to consider omega-3 supplements. Ensuring you have adequate omega-3 levels is an important step towards maintaining overall health and well-being.

polyunsaturated fat found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds

generally considered beneficial for health

Total Saturated Fats is a key marker providing important information about the levels of saturated fats in your diet. Saturated fats are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as some plant-based oils like coconut and palm oil and peanut butter. These fats are typically solid at room temperature. Monitoring the total amount of saturated fats in your diet is crucial because high intake is linked to an increased risk of developing heart disease and other health issues. When you consume too many saturated fats, it can lead to higher levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, in your blood. This can cause fatty deposits to build up in your arteries, narrowing them and making it harder for blood to flow through. Over time, this increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular diseases. The Nutristat Basic Profile measures the total amount of saturated fats you consume to help you understand and manage your dietary intake. By keeping track of this marker, you can make informed dietary choices, such as opting for leaner cuts of meat, low-fat dairy products, and healthier cooking oils like olive oil. Reducing your intake of saturated fats can significantly improve your overall health and lower your risk of heart disease.

Trans fatty acids

The marker "Trans Fatty Acids, Total" on a Nutristat Basic Profile from US Biotek measures the total amount of trans fats in a person's blood. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat that can be harmful to health. They are often found in processed and fried foods, as well as in baked goods made with partially hydrogenated oils. Risks Associated with High Trans Fatty Acid Levels High levels of trans fatty acids in the blood are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, as they can raise LDL (bad) cholesterol levels while lowering HDL (good) cholesterol levels. This imbalance can lead to the build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and strokes. Additionally, trans fats can cause inflammation and negatively affect insulin sensitivity, contributing to the risk of diabetes. Dietary Intake and Health Implications A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies found that a 2% increase in energy intake from trans fats was associated with a 23% increase in the incidence of coronary heart disease events and a 16% increase in coronary heart disease mortality. Another study showed that replacing 2% of energy intake from trans fats with non-hydrogenated unsaturated fats was associated with a 53% lower risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death. Monitoring and Dietary Changes Monitoring the total trans fatty acids is important for assessing dietary intake and understanding its impact on overall health. By identifying elevated levels, individuals can make dietary changes to reduce trans fat consumption, such as avoiding processed foods and choosing healthier fats, thereby improving their heart health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.In conclusion, the marker "Trans Fatty Acids, Total" on the Nutristat Basic Profile provides valuable insights into the levels of harmful trans fats in the body. By understanding and managing these levels through dietary modifications, individuals can take proactive steps towards maintaining cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with trans fat consumption. References: Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2006). Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(15), 1601-1613. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054035 Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1997). Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(21), 1491-1499. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199711203372102 Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., Stone, N. J., & Van Horn, L. V. (2017). Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 136(3), e1-e23. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510

Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid is a specific type of trans fat that is measured in the Nutristat Basic Profile by US Biotek. Trans fats, including Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid, are unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered to improve shelf life and stability in foods, but they can have negative health effects. Measuring Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid Levels On the Nutristat Basic Profile, measuring Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid levels helps assess an individual's intake of trans fats, which are commonly found in processed and fried foods. High levels of Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid in the body are a concern because they are linked to increased risks of heart disease, inflammation, and other chronic health conditions. Importance of Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid Monitoring This marker is important for understanding the impact of dietary choices on overall health. When Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid levels are high, it suggests that a person may be consuming too many unhealthy fats, which could contribute to poor cardiovascular health and metabolic disturbances. Studies have shown that a diet high in trans fats can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Reducing Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid Intake By monitoring this marker, healthcare providers can offer personalized dietary recommendations to reduce trans fat intake, promoting better health outcomes. Reducing consumption of foods high in trans fats, such as baked goods, snacks, and certain margarines, can help lower Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid levels and support heart health.In conclusion, Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid is a valuable marker in the Nutristat Basic Profile that provides insights into an individual's intake of unhealthy trans fats. By monitoring and reducing Trans Linoleic Fatty Acid levels through dietary changes, individuals can take proactive steps towards improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with trans fat consumption. References: Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2006). Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(15), 1601-1613. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054035 Micha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2009). Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 5(6), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.79 Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., Stone, N. J., & Van Horn, L. V. (2017). Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 136(3), e1-e23. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510

Trans Oleic Acid is an important marker included in the Nutristat Basic Profile by US Biotek, which helps in assessing an individual's nutritional and metabolic health. Trans fats, including trans oleic acid, are a type of unsaturated fat that have been chemically altered through a process called hydrogenation. This process is often used to increase the shelf life and stability of food products. Detrimental Effects of Trans Fats However, trans fats are known to have detrimental effects on health, such as increasing the risk of heart disease by raising bad cholesterol (LDL) levels and lowering good cholesterol (HDL) levels. Trans oleic acid specifically is a trans fatty acid variant of oleic acid, which is a monounsaturated fat commonly found in foods like olive oil. While oleic acid in its natural cis form is beneficial and promotes heart health, the trans form can contribute to inflammation and other adverse health outcomes. Monitoring Trans Oleic Acid Levels Monitoring trans oleic acid levels can provide valuable insights into dietary habits, particularly the consumption of processed and fried foods, and can help guide dietary adjustments to improve overall health. High levels of trans oleic acid in the Nutristat Basic Profile indicate a need to reduce intake of trans fats and to focus on healthier fats, such as those found in nuts, seeds, avocados, and fish. Importance of Managing Trans Oleic Acid Levels Understanding and managing trans oleic acid levels is crucial for maintaining cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with poor dietary fat quality. Studies have shown that a diet high in trans fats can lead to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.In conclusion, monitoring trans oleic acid levels through the Nutristat Basic Profile is essential for assessing dietary habits and making informed choices to improve overall health. By reducing the intake of trans fats and focusing on healthier fat sources, individuals can take proactive steps towards reducing the risk of chronic diseases and promoting cardiovascular well-being. References: Mozaffarian, D., Katan, M. B., Ascherio, A., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2006). Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(15), 1601-1613. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra054035 Gebauer, S. K., Chardigny, J. M., Jakobsen, M. U., Lamarche, B., Lock, A. L., Proctor, S. D., & Baer, D. J. (2011). Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition, 2(4), 332-354. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.111.000521 Sacks, F. M., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wu, J. H., Appel, L. J., Creager, M. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Miller, M., Rimm, E. B., Rudel, L. L., Robinson, J. G., Stone, N. J., & Van Horn, L. V. (2017). Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 136(3), e1-e23. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 Micha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2009). Trans fatty acids: effects on metabolic syndrome, heart disease and diabetes. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 5(6), 335-344. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2009.79

Omega-7 Fatty Acids

A precursor to serotonin

Amino Acid

Nonessential Protein Amino Acids

toxic element

Urea Cycle Markers

Branched Chain Amino Acids

Sources: Mushrooms, shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill seed, beer, wine, grains, sweeteners, infant cereals. Fossil fuels, welding, catalysts, steel alloys, batteries, photographic developer, drying agent in paints/varnishes, reducing agent, pesticides, black dyes/inks/pigments in ceramics, printing and textile industries. Absorption factors: The absorption of V is <5% and most ingested V is found in the stool. V is transported mainly in the plasma. It is found in large amounts in the blood initially and at trace levels 2 days after exposure. V has a half-life of around 10 days. Body clearance occurs directly via urinary excretion. Biochemical actions: Vanadium mimics insulin and has been used as a supplement for diabetic patients. V stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation. The highest concentrations are found in the liver, kidney and bone. V is studied in the treatment of diabetes, cancer, and diseases caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria, and for anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, and spermicidal properties. Vanadium-induced cytotoxicity can be mitigated by glutathione, ascorbic acid, or NADH to convert oxidized vanadium (5+) into its reduced (4+) form. Symptoms of imbalance: Acute toxicity is rare. V exposure is through ingestion or inhalation. Vanadium may cause abdominal cramps, loose stools, green tongue, fatigue, lethargy, focal neurological issues. Animal studies show renal toxicity with high doses.Urinary vanadium concentrations during pregnancy were associated with preterm delivery and impaired fetal growth. Cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms may be present. Resources: Institute of Medicine Panel on M. In: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Fatola OI, Olaolorun FA, Olopade FE, Olopade JO. Trends in vanadium neurotoxicity. Brain Res Bull. 2019;145:75-80. Trevinno S, Diiaz A, Sanchez-Lara E, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Perez-Aguilar JM, Gonzalez-Vergara E. Vanadium in Biological Action: Chemical, Pharmacological Aspects, and Metabolic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;188(1):68-98. ATSDR. ToxGuide for Vanadium. 2012; https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-58.pdf, 2020. Zwolak I. Protective Effects of Dietary Antioxidants against Vanadium-Induced Toxicity: A Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020;2020:1490316.

Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Metabolite - (Urine)

Kynurenine Markers

Sources: Red meat, seafood(oysters), whole grains (in the germ and bran portion). As much as 80% of total Zn is lost during the grain milling process. Denture creamand galvanized steel or iron also contain Zn. Absorption factors: The majority of Zn is absorbed in the jejunum via a transcellular process and at high Zn intakes paracellular transport may occur. Iron and calciumsupplements, phosphorus-containing salts, phytates (grains, legumes), phosphorus-rich proteins (milk casein, nucleic acids), and longterm alcohol consumptionmay decrease Zn absorption. Zn decreases the concentration of copper. Occupational silica exposure may lead to increasedurinary loss of copper and Zn. Increased urinary Zn levels may be seen with muscle catabolism, cirrhosis, long-term alcohol consumption, and use of thiazide diuretics. A drop in urinary Zn occurs before a decrease in plasma Zn in Zn deficient diets, indicating that urinary Zn responds more rapidly than plasma to dietary changes. Plasma Zn is useful for assessing the exchangeable pool of Zn between tissues, and can be low due to stress, inflammation, infection, low albumin or other metabolic conditions, as well as extreme dietary deficiency. Homeostatic mechanisms are effective in maintaining plasma Zn concentrations for many weeks of even severe dietary Zn restriction. Biochemical actions: Zinc is important for immune function, cell division, cell growth, wound healing, breakdown of carbohydrates, enhancing insulin action, sense of smell and tasteand as an antioxidant. During pregnancy, infancy, and childhood, zinc is a requirement for propergrowth and development. There are over 300 active Zn metalloproteins and more than 2000 Zn-dependent transcription factors involved in gene expression of various proteins. Some of the well-known metalloenzymes include RNA polymerases, alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). 102 Over 85% of total body Zn is found in skeletal muscle and bone.

reliable markers of zinc status

a trace element