Array 5 Multiple Autoimmune Reactivity Screen

related to autoimmune Addison's disease

a building block protein

a building block protein

a-Myosin is almost exclusively expressed in cardiac tissue.

an endogenous molecule associated with joints

Function: Saccharomyces cerevisae, baker’s yeast, contains Chl1p, a putative helicase with human homologs (antiSaccharamyces cerevisae antibody – ASCA), which is required for DNA repair, recombination, transcriptional silencing and aging. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. Antibodies Appear: Behçet’s Syndrome with GI Involvement Crohn’s Disease Long-term use of Anti-Thyroid Medication Ulcerative Colitis5 Vasculitis Clinical Significance: Crohn’s disease (CD) and Behçet’s syndrome (BS) have clinical similarities such as oral and gastrointestinal ulcerations, erythema nodosum, arthritis and uveitis. Patients with BS who present with gastrointestinal complaints have higher levels of ASCA than BS patients with no GI conditions. Vasculitides, associated with serum positivity for ANCAs affecting small- to medium-sized vessels, are commonly recognized as ANCA-associated vasculitis. ANCAs are detected in a number of autoimmune disorders, but are particularly associated with systemic vasculitis. ANCA positivity has been shown in a high percentage of patients on long-term anti-thyroid medication; therefore, ANCA should be tested in patients receiving long-term anti-thyroid medications, and in patients with adverse reactions. Furthermore, patients with positive ANCA should be followed, and evaluated for definitive anti-thyroid therapy, to consider alternative treatment protocols. ASCA and ANCA are well-established markers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and both may be associated with disease phenotype. In support of diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis, the sensitivity and specificity of ANCA were 51% and 100%, respectively. ASCA presented sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 93% for Crohn’s disease. References: 1. Fresko, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisae antibodies (ASCA) in Behçet’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2005; 23(Suppl.38):S67-S70. 2. Gómez-Puerta, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides and respiratory disease. Chest, 2009; 136:1011-1111. 3. Gunton, et al. Prevalence of positive anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) in patients receiving anti-thyroid medication. Eur J Endocrinol, 2000; 142:587-590. 4. Lindberg, et al. Antibody (IgG, IgA, and IgM) to baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), yeast mannan, gliadin, ovalbumin and betalactoglobulin in monozygotic twins with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 1992; 33(7):909–913. 5. Nisihara, et al. Diagnostic role and clinical association of ASCA and ANCA in Brazilian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci, 2010; 55(8):2309-2315. 6. Seibold, et al. pANCA represents a cross-reactivity to enteric bacterial antigens. J Clin Immunol, 1998; 18(2):153-160.

Known Cross-Reactions: Campylobactor jejuni, Streptococcal proteins, gliadin

Known Cross-Reactions: Campylobactor jejuni, Streptococcal proteins, gliadin

the part of the brain controlling movement and balance

the part of the brain controlling movement and balance

a group of proteins found in the flesh and connective tissues

a large and diverse group of enzymes

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH: This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease Atherosclerotic Lesions Osteoarthritis BODY TISSUE: Joint

a neuronal protein

ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH*: *This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease Battan Disease Celiac Disease Cerebellar Ataxia Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity Polyendocrine Autoimmune Syndrome Stiff-Person Syndrome Type 1 Diabetes

Tyrosine Phosphatase Autoantibodies

found in the region of the pancreas

a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach

MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN (MBP) Function: Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is believed to be important in the process of myelination, the building of myelin sheaths. Thus, MBP is often a target in the demyelination process in various neuroimmune disorders. Antibodies Appear in: - Multiple sclerosis - Autism - PANDAS / ANDAS / OCD - Lupus - Toxin exposure Known Cross-Reactions: - Chlamydia pneumoniae, - Herpes-6 - streptococcal protein - gliadin - Acinetobacter - Mycobacterium avium - IgG and IgM to tissue-bound-Bisphenol A (BPA) Clinical Significance: MBP antibodies are detected in various neuroimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis. Consequently, antibodies to MBP are accepted markers of inflammation in various neuroimmune disorders. In possible cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) the measurement of antibodies against MBP may predict early conversion to clinically definite MS; in a study by Berger et al patients who were seropositive for both antibodies, anti-MBP and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, had clinically definite MS within a mean of 7.5 months. To increase the sensitivity and specificity of MS diagnosis, a combination of antibodies, lymphocyte activation or cytokine production assessments along with an MRI, should be utilized. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) presents with multiple biomolecular manifestations including neurological dysfunction. Compared to control subjects, ASD patients possess significantly higher levels of anti-brain antibodies, such as MBP, serotonin receptor, and brain endothelial cells or blood-brain barrier. Due to cross-reactivity to Streptococcal protein, MBP antibody is also found in PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection), its adult version ANDAS and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Indeed, the similarities of peptide sequences between Streptococcal proteins and MBP result in cross-reactivity. This autoimmune response triggers inflammation via myelin basic protein-specific T-cells, thus compromising the blood-brain barrier. A point of interest is that the administration of myelin basic protein artificially increases blood-brain barrier permeability and is under research as a possible treatment for rabies virus, which enters the brain to replicate itself. References: (https://www.cyrexlabs.com/Portals/0/Docs/SpecSheetPDFs/a5MBP.pdf) 1. Ashwood and Van de Water. Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmunity Rev, 2004; 3:557-562. 2. Berger, et al. Antimyelin antibodies as a predictor of clinically definite Multiple Sclerosis after a first demyelinating event. N Engl Med, 2003; 349(2):139-145. 3. Gorgan, et al. Cross-reactivity of myelin basic protein-specific T cells with multiple microbial peptides: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induction in TCR transgenic mice. J Immunol, 1999; 163:3764-3770. 4. Roy and Hooper. Lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier. J Virol, 2007; 81(15):7993-7998. 5. Vojdani, et al. Antibodies to myelin basic protein, myelin oligodendrocytes peptides, a-B-crystallin, lymphocyte activation and cytokine production in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Internal Med, 2003; 254:363-374. 6. Vojdani. Obsessive compulsive disorder and differentiation between non-autoimmune OCD and the autoimmune version of the disease called PANDAS. Latitudes, 6(2):1-6. 7. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32. 8. Ebringer, et al. Acinetobacter immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol, 2005; 62:33-36. 9. Mameli, et al. Epstein-Barr virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptides are cross recognized by anti-myelin basic protein antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol, 2014; 270(1-2):51-55. 10. Kharrazian and Vojdani. Correlation between antibodies to bisphenol A, its target enzyme protein disulfide isomerase and antibodies to neuron-specific antigens. J Appl Toxicol, 2017; 37:479-484.

Myelin is the protective sheath surrounding nerves

Myocardial Peptides make up heart structure tissues

cell found in compact bone

Function: Reproductive organ tissue (Ovary, Testis) makes up the structure of female and male sex organs respectively. These organs are parts of the reproductive and endocrine systems. Ovaries secrete hormones estrogen and progesterone. Testes produce sperm and androgens, primarily testosterone. Known Cross-Reactions: Gliadin (Ovary high cross-reactivity, Testis slight cross-reactivity) ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH: This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 Hypogonadism Premature Menopause Premature Ovarian Failure Clinical Significance: High levels of antibodies against reproductive organs tissue (Ovary, Testis) may indicate an autoimmune response directed at sex organ tissues. There is a high prevalence of infertility in the Celiac population. Female: Ovarian antibodies appear in spontaneous premature ovarian failure (POF), and infertillity. POF is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders, particularly autoimmune thyroid disease. In the absence of clinically overt disease, some patients have serological evidence of autoimmunity mainly against thyroid, thus POF patients should be assessed for autoimmune thyroid disorders and conversely, thyroiditis patients should be assessed for reproductive organ antibodies. Male: Testis antibodies appear in events of testicular trauma, polyendocrine syndrome and infertillity. Circulating antibodies to testis can occur after testicular trauma resulting in autoimmunity against male sex organ tissue. One third of unexplained infertility cases are identified as male infertility problems; an autoimmune response to testis may play a role in male infertility. References: Ashrafi, et al. The presence of anti thyroid and anti ovarian auto-antibodies in familial premature ovarian failure. Int J Infertility Sterility, 2008; 1(4):171-174. Bast, et al. Celiac disease and reproductive health. Pract Gastroenterol, 2009; 35(10):10-21. Fenichel, et al. Prevalence, specificity and significance of ovarian antibodies during spontaneous premature ovarian failure. Human Reproduction, 1997; 12(12):2623-2628. Luborsky, et al. Ovarian antibodies, FSH and inhibin B: independent markers associated with unexplained infertility. Human Reproduction, 2000; 15:1046-1051. Reimand, et al. Testis-expressed protein TSGA10 an auto-antigen in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-I. Int Immunol, 2008; 20(1):39-44. Sakamoto, et al. Testicular injury induces cell-mediated autoimmune response to testis. J Urol, 1995; 153:1316-1320. Tung and Teusher. Mechanisms of autoimmune disease in the testis and ovary. Human Reproduction Update, 1995; 1(1):35-50. Vojdani and Tarash. Cross-reaction between gliadin and different food and tissue antigens, Food Nutri Sci, 2013; 4:20-32.

Associated with: - Gastric Autoimmunity - Chronic Atrophic Gastritis - Pernicious Anemia

a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes

Platelet Glycoprotein: Marker Overview Platelet Glycoprotein is a crucial component of the platelet membrane, playing an integral role in platelet adhesion, aggregation, and overall hemostasis (the process of blood clot formation). It includes a family of glycoproteins (e.g., GP IIb/IIIa, GP Ib-IX-V) that are involved in binding fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and other molecules necessary for proper clot formation. Importance in Autoimmune Testing: In the context of autoimmune reactivity screening, antibodies against Platelet Glycoprotein may indicate an autoimmune reaction affecting platelet function, potentially leading to platelet dysfunction or destruction. This can be associated with various autoimmune or hematologic disorders. Clinical Relevance of Platelet Glycoprotein: Associated Conditions: Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): Autoantibodies targeting platelet glycoproteins can lead to platelet destruction, resulting in low platelet counts and increased bleeding risk. Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Certain medications can trigger autoantibody formation against platelet glycoproteins. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): Autoimmune conditions that may involve platelet glycoprotein reactivity. Autoimmune Hemolytic Disorders: These conditions may also involve immune-mediated platelet destruction. Symptoms of Abnormal Glycoprotein Reactivity: Easy bruising or excessive bleeding Petechiae (small, pinpoint red or purple spots on the skin) Prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery Rarely, thrombotic complications (in autoimmune hypercoagulable states) Marker Behavior in Autoimmune Reactivity Screening: Elevated Levels or Reactivity: May suggest autoimmune activity or the presence of antibodies targeting platelet glycoproteins. This could indicate an underlying condition like ITP or APS. Low Levels Below Reference Range: Not necessarily pathological; may simply reflect individual variability or low autoimmune reactivity at the time of testing. If marked "optimal," it often suggests no significant immune system activity against platelet glycoproteins. Why Is This Marker Important in Array 5? The Array 5 Multiple Autoimmune Reactivity Screen focuses on detecting early autoimmune activity across multiple organ systems. Testing for Platelet Glycoprotein antibodies is critical in identifying platelet-targeted immune responses, which may provide early warnings of autoimmune or hematologic conditions before clinical symptoms manifest. Key Takeaways: A low or "optimal" level of Platelet Glycoprotein indicates that no significant autoimmune activity targeting platelets is currently present. Elevated levels or abnormal reactivity might warrant further investigation to rule out platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, or other autoimmune conditions. Monitoring this marker in conjunction with other markers and clinical symptoms can help provide a comprehensive understanding of the patient's immune and hematologic health.

a major immunoreactive protein

a major immunoreactive protein

a glycoprotein formed by two identical subunits

related to Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

in general an antibody response to thyroid damage inflicted by T-Cells

a cytoskeletal microfilamental protein