Quinolinic acid is a neurotoxic substance produced by our own bodies and a metabolite of tryptophan.
Tryptophan and its different pathways:
The management of tryptophan converting to serotonin within the brain has some complex moving parts. Tryptophan gets converted into serotonin. High levels of stress of any type and acute/chronic infections can change this process by provoking an immune system response. Instead of serotonin being made from tryptophan in this process, two other compounds are eventually made: They are kynurenic acid which is neuroprotective and quinolinic acid which is neurodegenerative.The quinolinic acid is a NMDA-agonist, i.e. quinolinic acid, NMDA, and inflammation are best friends and like to wreak havoc when kynurenic acid is lacking. Recent research showed that patients suffering from severe depression and suicidality were found to have very high levels of inflammation and elevated NMDA activity as a result of long-term dysregulation of this pathway. The researchers’ recommended goal was to find ways to dampen the NMDA receptors and quinolinic acid in the brain.
Treatment:
The cause of inflammation needs to be treated. Simply taking SSRI drugs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) to make more serotonin further downstream is not going to work. The drug use and application generally fails to address the inflammation. The drugs simply try to increase the amount of serotonin within the system at the synapses, but the underlying damaging inflammation is still ongoing. This process also affects cognitive health, which has great implications for all neurodegenerative concerns. When the brain is on fire with inflammation leading to depression, anxiety, sleep problems, cognitive changes, it has to be thoroughly addressed. SSRIs miss this inflammatory aspect.
Resources:
- NMDA receptor function, memory, and brain aging (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181613/)
- A mechanism of quinolinic acid formation by brain in inflammatory neurological disease. Attenuation of synthesis from L-tryptophan by 6-chlorotryptophan and 4-chloro-3-hydroxyanthranilate. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8293279)
- Sulforaphane reduces the alterations induced by quinolinic acid: Modulation of glutathione levels (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262569040_Sulforaphane_reduces_the_alterations_induced_by_quinolinic_acid_Modulation_of_glutathione_levels)
- Protective effects of the antioxidant selenium on quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rats: in vitro and in vivo studies. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12871589)
- Melatonin neutralizes neurotoxicity induced by quinolinic acid in brain tissue culture. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16150107)
- Neuroprotective potential of L-theanine against excitotoxic neuronal death induced by quinolinic acid: Possible neurotransmitters and nitric oxide modulation mechanism (http://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/neuroprotective-potential-of-l-theanine-against-excitotoxic-neuronal-death-induced-by-quinolinic-acid-possible-neurotransmitters-and-nitric-oxide-modulation-mechanism/)
- Green Tea Polyphenols Decrease Enzyme Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase, https://www.fasebj.org/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.790.14
- Neuroprotective Activity of Curcumin in Combination with Piperine against Quinolinic Acid Induced Neurodegeneration in Rats (https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/443896)
Your medical lab tests hold vital information about your health. Our tools help you understand what's going on and how to take action.
$15 $5.99/first month
Cancel or upgrade anytime
High levels might be associated with mental illness, ALS, alzheimer's and depression. Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders such as mental illness, ALS, alzheimer's and depression.
Brain toxicity due to quinolinic acid has also been implicated in autism, Huntington’s disease, stroke, dementia of old age, depression, HIV-associated dementia, and schizophrenia.
Increased levels of quinolinic acid have also been detected in Lyme patients with central nervous system inflammation.
------------
High quinolinic acid may be a sign of inflammation and/or neural excitotoxicity. Quinolinic acid is derived from the amino acid tryptophan and is neurotoxic at high levels. As an excitotoxic stimulant of certain brain cells that have NMDA-type receptors, high quinolinic acid may cause nerve cell death with continuous stimulation.
High levels of quinolinic acid may inhibit heart contractions, cause lipid peroxidation in the brain, and increase apoptosis (programmed cell death) of astrocytes in human brain. The level of quinolinic acid is also highly correlated with the degree of arthritis impairment.
Quinolinic acid is also a metal chelator, and inhibits enzymes that allow the body to produce glucose when needed. Excessive immune stimulation and chronic inflammation, resulting in overproduction of cytokines like interferon, stimulates overproduction of quinolinic acid. However, quinolinic acid is an important intermediate in making the essential nutritional cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which is also derived from niacin (B3). Phthalates inhibit the conversion of quinolinic acid to NAD.
Treatment of excessive levels of quinolinic acid can be achieved by multiple approaches:
- reducing tryptophan supplements,
- preventing repeated infections and subsequent immune overstimulation by: supplementation with colostrum, transfer factor and probiotics;
- reducing the use of immune modulators like interferon that increase quinolinic acid production;
- or reducing the numbers of vaccines given at one time or increasing the interval between vaccinations.
- The dietary supplements B6 (pyridoxine) and magnesium may reduce brain damage caused by quinolinic acid.
A high quinolinic acid/ 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio would be indicative of immune overstimulation and/or phthalate toxicity.
In addition to the above, the following substances have been proven to lower levels of quinolinic acid:
- Sulforaphane [R]
- Selenium [R]
- Melatonin [R]
- Theanine [R]
- Green Tea Polyphenols [R]
- Curcumin + Piperine [R]
Anthony
Unlimited Plan Member since 2021
I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
High levels might be associated with mental illness, ALS, alzheimer's and depression. Studies have demonstrated that quinolinic acid may be involved in many psychiatric disorders, neurodegenerative processes in the brain, as well as other disorders such as mental illness, ALS, alzheimer's and depression.
Increased levels of quinolinic acid have also been detected in Lyme patients with central nervous system inflammation.
The following substances have been proven to lower levels of quinolinic acid:
- Sulforaphane [R]
- Selenium [R]
- Melatonin [R]
- Theanine [R]
- Green Tea Polyphenols [R]
- Curcumin + Piperine [R]
Guiding our users for 10 years to promptly understand, track, and act on their laboratory results.
$15 $5.99/first month
Cancel your subscription at any time.
$250/once
full premium version
$45/month
track your clients’ labs
Cancel your subscription at any time.
Guiding our users for 10 years to promptly understand, track, and act on their laboratory results.
Personal plans
track personal results
Professional Plan
track multiple client's results
$15 $5.99/first month
$250/once
own it for life
$45/month
for health professionals
Complete Plan
Unlimited Plan
$15 $5.99
$250 full version
Are you a health professional?
Level up your lab report analysis with our Pro plan, built for health practitioners like you.
Health Business Account
$45/month
Cancel your subscription at any time.
Unlock additional Pro plans when you sign up.
Anthony
Unlimited Plan Member since 2021
I have been using Healthmatters.io since 2021. I travel all over the world and use different doctors and health facilities. This site has allowed me to consolidate all my various test results over 14 years in one place. And every doctor that I show this to has been impressed. Because with any health professional I talk to, I can pull up historical results in seconds. It is invaluable. Even going back to the same doctor, they usually do not have the historical results from their facility in a graph format. That has been very helpful.
Karin
Advanced Plan Member since 2020
What fantastic service and great, easy-to-follow layouts! I love your website; it makes it so helpful to see patterns in my health data. It's truly a pleasure to use. I only wish the NHS was as organized and quick as Healthmatters.io. You've set a new standard for health tracking!
Paul
Healthmatters Pro Member since 2024
As a PRO member and medical practitioner, Healthmatters.io has been an invaluable tool for tracking my clients' data. The layout is intuitive, making it easy to monitor trends and spot patterns over time. The ability to customize reports and charts helps me present information clearly to my clients, improving communication and outcomes. It's streamlined my workflow, saving me time and providing insights at a glance. Highly recommended for any practitioner looking for a comprehensive and user-friendly solution to track patient labs!
Healthmatters is a highly-personalized health dashboard.
Instead of searching for your lab results in different places or tracking them down from different providers, Healthmatters houses, organizes, and interprets them all in one central location.
With a Healthmatters account, you can dive into the details of each biomarker and gain insights into the meaning behind your medical test data, anytime, anywhere.
For our professional users, Healthmatters provides intuitive tools that not only streamline analysis but also save valuable time when delving into your client's lab report history.
Healthmatters.io personal account provides in-depth research on 4000+ biomarkers, including information and suggestions for test panels such as, but not limited to:
You can combine all test reports inside your Healthmatters account and keep them in one place. It gives you an excellent overview of all your health data. Once you retest, you can add new results and compare them.
If you are still determining whether Healthmatters support your lab results, the rule is that if you can test it, you can upload it to Healthmatters.
While we work with many popular labs, we welcome reports from lots of other places too.
It's as simple as this: if you can get a test done, you can upload it to Healthmatters and we can interpret results from any lab out there. If laboratories can analyze it, we can interpret it.
If you’re on the hunt for a specific biomarker, contact us and we'll add it to our database. Anything from blood, urine, saliva, or stool can be uploaded, understood, and tracked with your Healthmatters account.
There are two ways to add your test reports to your Healthmatters account. One option is to input the data using the data entry forms. The other method is to utilize our "Data entry service."
Our data entry forms offer an easy, fast, and free way for you to input the reports yourself. Self-entry allows you to add an unlimited number of reports at no cost. We make the self-entry process user-friendly, providing dozens of templates that pre-populate the most popular laboratory panels and offering instant feedback on entered values.
For those who prefer assistance, we offer a "Data entry service" to help you input your data. Simply attach an image or file of your lab test results, and a qualified team member from our data entry team will add the results for you.
We support various file types, including PDFs, JPGs, or Excel. This service is particularly useful if you have many reports to upload or if you're too busy to handle the data entry yourself.
Our special data entry service makes it easy to add your results to your private dashboard. Just attach an image or a file of your lab test results, and our skilled data entry team will do the work for you. It's all done by humans, ensuring that your data is entered accurately and with personal care for each client.
Depending on your account, the data entry service can be included for free or come at an additional cost of $15 per report.
For users on the Complete monthly plan, the first report is entered free of charge, and each additional report incurs a fee of $15.
Unlimited account holders enjoy the entry of ten reports without charge. Subsequent reports are subject to a $15 fee per report.
Additionally, users on the Complete plan can upgrade to a yearly subscription from the account settings. The annual subscription includes a data entry service for five reports.
The Unlimited plan is a one-time purchase for $250, and it covers your account for a lifetime with no additional payments.
For the Complete plan, the cost is $15 per month. You have the flexibility to cancel it anytime through your account settings, ensuring no further payments. To avoid charges, remember to cancel at least a day before the renewal date. Once canceled, the subscription remains active until the end of the current billing cycle.
Additionally, you can upgrade to the yearly Advanced plan from within your account. The annual cost is $79, and it comes with a data entry service for five reports.
You can always upgrade to a lifetime version with a prorated price from a monthly or yearly subscription.
Simply log in and navigate to your account settings to cancel your subscription. Scroll down to locate the 'Cancel' button at the bottom of the page. Ensure you cancel at least one day before the renewal date to prevent any charges. Once cancellation is requested, the subscription remains active until the conclusion of the current billing cycle.
Our goal has been to make your Healthmatters account as intuitive as possible.
We’ve crafted multiple ways for you to navigate your data, whether you're glancing at a single report or delving into your historical test reports.
1. Graph View:Dive into a visual journey with our biomarker graphs, showcasing over 40 data points. Combining years of results unveils trends, empowering you to make informed decisions. Our visualization tools make it a breeze to compare and understand changes over time, even if your results are from different labs. A search function and filters simplify the exploration of extensive data, allowing you to focus on what needs attention.
2. All Tests ViewExplore neatly organized reports on a timeline, highlighting crucial details like dates, critical results, and lab/panel names. Each report opens up to reveal in-depth descriptions and additional recommendations for each biomarker. The history of previous results is just a click away, and you can download a comprehensive report for deeper insights. Color-coded and user-friendly, it's designed for easy reading, understanding, and navigation.
3. Table View:For a holistic view of all biomarkers side by side, our table view is your go-to. Results are neatly displayed in a categorized and dated table, ideal for those with an extensive test history. Utilize sorting, filters, and color-coding to enhance your analysis and gain extra insights.
Yes, you can download information from your account. We can compile your labs into a CSV file. To download all your labs, you can go to Account Settings, and at the bottom of the page, you will find a link to download your information.
Yes, you can print your report. To do so, navigate to "All tests" and open the report you wish to print. You'll find a print button in the right corner of the report. Click on it, and your browser's print window will open. If you prefer to print in a bigger typeface, adjust the scale using the print window settings.
Yes, you can! We highly recommend activating Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for your account. To do so, please navigate to the "Profile and Security" section of your account, where you will find instructions for activating 2FA.
Yes, you can. When entering values for the biomarker, you will see an "Edit Range" button. Click this button, and you'll have the option to enter a custom range.
A personal account is all about keeping your own lab test results in check. It's just for you and your personal use.
The professional account is designed for health professionals who wish to track and organize their clients' laboratory results.
To learn more about Healthmatters Pro, please refer to the professional page.
At HealthMatters, we're committed to maintaining the security and confidentiality of your personal information. We've put industry-leading security standards in place to help protect against the loss, misuse, or alteration of the information under our control. We use procedural, physical, and electronic security methods designed to prevent unauthorized people from getting access to this information. Our internal code of conduct adds additional privacy protection. All data is backed up multiple times a day and encrypted using SSL certificates. See our Privacy Policy for more details.
2-Hydroxybutyric, 2-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyhippuric, 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Females Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyisocaproic, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyisocaproic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyisovaleric, 2-Hydroxyisovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyisovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic, 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric, 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoglutaric, 2-Oxoglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoisocaproic, 2-Oxoisocaproic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoisocaproic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoisovaleric, 2-Oxoisovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoisovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (HMG), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxybutyric, 3-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxyglutaric, 3-Hydroxyglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxyglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Indoleacetic, 3-Indoleacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Indoleacetic (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric, 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaconic, 3-Methylglutaconic (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methylglutaconic (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaric, 3-Methylglutaric (Females Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methylglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Oxoglutaric, 3-Oxoglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Oxoglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Cresol, 4-Cresol (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Cresol (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybenzoic, 4-Hydroxybenzoic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxybenzoic (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybutyric, 4-Hydroxybutyric (Females Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyhippuric, 4-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Females Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic, 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic (Males Under Age 13), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) (Males Age 13 and Over), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) (Males Under Age 13), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic (Males Age 13 and Over), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic (Males Under Age 13), Acetoacetic, Acetoacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), Acetoacetic (Males Under Age 13), Aconitic, Aconitic (Males Age 13 and Over), Aconitic (Males Under Age 13), Adipic, Adipic (Males Age 13 and Over), Adipic (Males Under Age 13), Arabinose, Arabinose (Females Under Age 13), Arabinose (Males Age 13 and Over), Arabinose (Males Under Age 13), Ascorbic, Ascorbic (Males Age 13 and Over), Ascorbic (Males Under Age 13), Carboxycitric, Carboxycitric (Males Age 13 and Over), Carboxycitric (Males Under Age 13), Citramalic, Citramalic (Males Age 13 and Over), Citramalic (Males Under Age 13), Citric, Citric (Males Age 13 and Over), Citric (Males Under Age 13), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria) (Males Age 13 and Over), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria) (Males Under Age 13), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Females Under Age 13), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Under Age 13), Ethylmalonic, Ethylmalonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Ethylmalonic (Males Under Age 13), Fumaric, Fumaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Fumaric (Males Under Age 13), Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic, Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic (Males Age 13 and Over), Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic (Males Under Age 13), Furancarbonylglycine, Furancarbonylglycine (Females Under Age 13), Furancarbonylglycine (Males Age 13 and Over), Furancarbonylglycine (Males Under Age 13), Glutaric, Glutaric (Females Under Age 13), Glutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Glutaric (Males Under Age 13), Glyceric, Glyceric (Males Age 13 and Over), Glyceric (Males Under Age 13), Glycolic, Glycolic (Males Age 13 and Over), Glycolic (Males Under Age 13), Hippuric, Hippuric (Females Under Age 13), Hippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), Hippuric (Males Under Age 13), Homogentisic, Homogentisic (Males Age 13 and Over), Homogentisic (Males Under Age 13), Homovanillic (HVA), Homovanillic (HVA) (Males Age 13 and Over), Homovanillic (HVA) (Males Under Age 13), HPHPA, HPHPA (Males Age 13 and Over), HPHPA (Males Under Age 13), HVA / VMA Ratio, HVA / VMA Ratio (Males Age 13 and Over), HVA / VMA Ratio (Males Under Age 13), HVA/ DOPAC Ratio, HVA/ DOPAC Ratio (Males Age 13 and Over), HVA/ DOPAC Ratio (Males Under Age 13), Kynurenic, Kynurenic (Males Age 13 and Over), Kynurenic (Males Under Age 13), Lactic, Lactic (Males Age 13 and Over), Lactic (Males Under Age 13), Malic, Malic (Males Age 13 and Over), Malic (Males Under Age 13), Malonic, Malonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Malonic (Males Under Age 13), Mandelic, Mandelic (Males Age 13 and Over), Mandelic (Males Under Age 13), Methylcitric, Methylcitric (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylcitric (Males Under Age 13), Methylmalonic, Methylmalonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylmalonic (Males Under Age 13), Methylsuccinic, Methylsuccinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylsuccinic (Males Under Age 13), N-Acetylaspartic, N-Acetylaspartic (Males Age 13 and Over), N-Acetylaspartic (Males Under Age 13), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (Males Age 13 and Over), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (Males Under Age 13), Orotic, Orotic (Females Under Age 13), Orotic (Males Age 13 and Over), Orotic (Males Under Age 13), Oxalic, Oxalic (Females Under Age 13), Oxalic (Males Age 13 and Over), Oxalic (Males Under Age 13), Pantothenic (B5), Pantothenic (B5) (Males Age 13 and Over), Pantothenic (B5) (Males Under Age 13), Phenyllactic, Phenyllactic (Males Age 13 and Over), Phenyllactic (Males Under Age 13), Phenylpyruvic, Phenylpyruvic (Males Age 13 and Over), Phenylpyruvic (Males Under Age 13), Phosphoric, Phosphoric (Males Age 13 and Over), Phosphoric (Males Under Age 13), Pyridoxic (B6), Pyridoxic (B6) (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyridoxic (B6) (Males Under Age 13), Pyroglutamic, Pyroglutamic (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyroglutamic (Males Under Age 13), Pyruvic, Pyruvic (Females Under Age 13), Pyruvic (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyruvic (Males Under Age 13), Quinolinic, Quinolinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Quinolinic (Males Under Age 13), Quinolinic / 5-HIAA Ratio, Sebacic, Sebacic (Males Age 13 and Over), Sebacic (Males Under Age 13), Suberic, Suberic (Males Age 13 and Over), Suberic (Males Under Age 13), Succinic, Succinic (Females Under Age 13), Succinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Succinic (Males Under Age 13), Tartaric, Tartaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Tartaric (Males Under Age 13), Thymine, Thymine (Males Age 13 and Over), Thymine (Males Under Age 13), Tricarballylic, Tricarballylic (Females Under Age 13), Tricarballylic (Males Age 13 and Over), Tricarballylic (Males Under Age 13), Uracil, Uracil (Males Age 13 and Over), Uracil (Males Under Age 13), Vanillylmandelic (VMA), Vanillylmandelic (VMA) (Males Age 13 and Over), Vanillylmandelic (VMA) (Males Under Age 13)
