What This Marker Measures
3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA), also known as 3-Indoleacetic, is an organic acid produced primarily when the body breaks down the amino acid tryptophan. While tryptophan metabolism normally occurs through human biochemical pathways, it can also be processed by intestinal bacteria, especially species within the Clostridia group. This makes 3-Indoleacetic a useful indicator of both gut microbial balance and tryptophan metabolism, particularly in children.
Because metabolism varies with age, Mosaic Diagnostics provides a specific reference range for males under age 13.
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid used to make several important molecules, including:
Serotonin, involved in mood, digestion, appetite, and sleep
Melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Kynurenine-pathway compounds important for immune and neurological function
When gut bacteria metabolize tryptophan excessively, they produce higher amounts of 3-Indoleacetic acid. For children, abnormal levels—especially elevations—can give insight into:
Gut dysbiosis, especially overgrowth of indole-producing bacteria
Digestive imbalances (constipation, gas, bloating, malabsorption)
Nutrient utilization issues related to tryptophan
Possible impacts on mood behavior, sleep, or neurological symptoms through altered serotonin pathways
3-Indoleacetic itself is not harmful, but it serves as a metabolic signaling marker for what may be happening in the gut.
3-Indoleacetic (males under age 13) on the Mosaic Diagnostics OAT is a valuable marker of tryptophan metabolism, gut microbial balance, and digestive function.
Elevated levels most often indicate gut dysbiosis, especially bacterial overgrowth, and can contribute to mood, behavior, and digestive symptoms in children.
Addressing microbiome health, digestion, and diet often helps normalize this marker and improve overall well-being.
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Higher-than-normal 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) in males under age 13 typically points to imbalances in gut bacteria or altered tryptophan metabolism. Elevated levels commonly reflect the following:
When gut bacteria—especially Clostridia, Bacteroides, or E. coli—ferment tryptophan, they produce excess IAA. This pattern may accompany symptoms such as:
Frequent gas or bloating
Irregular bowel movements
Foul-smelling stools
Digestive discomfort
A history of recent antibiotic use
Behavioral changes linked to gut imbalance
Protein-rich foods such as eggs, turkey, dairy, nuts, and red meat provide tryptophan. Diet alone rarely causes a large elevation, but it can add to the problem when dysbiosis is present.
A weakened intestinal barrier allows more bacterial metabolites—including 3-Indoleacetic acid—to pass into the bloodstream and urine. This can amplify elevations seen on the OAT.
When IAA is elevated alongside markers like HPHPA, 4-Cresol, Indican, or other indole metabolites, it may indicate Clostridia overgrowth.
This pattern can correlate with neurological, behavioral, or mood-related symptoms in some children.
Parents might observe:
Digestive upset (gas, bloating, constipation, diarrhea)
Strong-smelling stools
Food sensitivities
Irritability or mood swings
Sleep disturbances
Low energy or fatigue
Skin issues such as eczema or rashes
These findings do not necessarily mean something serious is wrong. They more commonly reflect a correctable microbiome imbalance.
High animal-protein intake
Low fiber consumption
Processed or high-sugar foods that disrupt gut bacteria
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
Clostridia overgrowth
Post-antibiotic imbalance
Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency
Low stomach acid
Poor protein digestion
Systemic or gut-based inflammation can shift microbial balance and affect tryptophan metabolism.
A practitioner may review OAT patterns and symptoms to determine whether dysbiosis or Clostridia overgrowth is likely.
Useful strategies may include:
Increasing dietary fiber (vegetables, fruits, whole foods)
Reducing excessive animal protein intake
Using targeted probiotics or antimicrobial botanical support
Adding digestive enzymes
Increasing polyphenol-rich foods (berries, herbs, colorful produce)
Considering a stool test if symptoms persist
Ensuring adequate cofactors—vitamin B6, magnesium, zinc, and niacin—may help normalize tryptophan pathways.
Stress, poor sleep, chronic inflammation, and other lifestyle factors can influence both gut health and tryptophan metabolism.
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Low 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) levels in males under age 13 are generally less clinically significant than elevated levels. However, they can still offer insights into protein digestion, nutrient absorption, and tryptophan availability.
Children who eat minimal protein—especially from sources like eggs, dairy, poultry, and legumes—may produce very little IAA.
This is usually diet-related and not a sign of disease.
Low IAA can reflect difficulty breaking down or absorbing dietary proteins. Possible contributing factors include:
Low stomach acid
Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency
Rapid gut transit time
Selective eating patterns
Antibiotics can temporarily suppress gut bacteria that convert tryptophan into indole compounds, including IAA. Levels usually rebound as the microbiome recovers.
If the gut microbiome is depleted—often due to antibiotics, restrictive diets, illness, or chronic inflammation—the body produces fewer bacterial metabolites such as IAA.
If tryptophan is being preferentially used in other pathways (such as kynurenine production during inflammation or stress), less may be available for bacterial conversion.
Most children with low IAA do not show noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they are usually related to digestion or nutrient intake, such as:
Low appetite
Picky eating or limited protein intake
Mild digestive upset
Low energy or fatigue
Signs of nutrient insufficiency if overall diet is restricted
These signs are typically mild and improve with dietary and digestive support.
Low protein intake
Highly selective eating habits
Restrictive or elimination diets
Depleted gut flora
Post-antibiotic recovery
Low bacterial fermentation activity
Low stomach acid
Insufficient digestive enzymes
Rapid motility or absorption issues
During systemic inflammation, tryptophan may be shifted away from microbial metabolism and toward immune-modulating pathways.
Ensuring age-appropriate protein intake from a mix of animal and plant sources may help normalize levels.
A clinician may recommend:
Digestive enzymes
Probiotics
Addressing stomach acid insufficiency
Balanced meals with adequate protein and fiber
If low levels follow antibiotic use or illness, supporting microbiome regrowth with fiber-rich foods and targeted probiotics may be helpful.
Low IAA may be part of a broader picture of nutrient underconsumption or malabsorption, especially in picky eaters or children with limited diets.
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2-Hydroxybutyric, 2-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyhippuric, 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Females Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyisocaproic, 2-Hydroxyisocaproic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyisocaproic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyisovaleric, 2-Hydroxyisovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyisovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic, 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric, 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxo-4-methiolbutyric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoglutaric, 2-Oxoglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoisocaproic, 2-Oxoisocaproic (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoisocaproic (Males Under Age 13), 2-Oxoisovaleric, 2-Oxoisovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 2-Oxoisovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (HMG), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxybutyric, 3-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Hydroxyglutaric, 3-Hydroxyglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Hydroxyglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Indoleacetic, 3-Indoleacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Indoleacetic (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric, 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methyl-2-oxovaleric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaconic, 3-Methylglutaconic (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methylglutaconic (Males Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaric, 3-Methylglutaric (Females Under Age 13), 3-Methylglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Methylglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 3-Oxoglutaric, 3-Oxoglutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), 3-Oxoglutaric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Cresol, 4-Cresol (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Cresol (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybenzoic, 4-Hydroxybenzoic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxybenzoic (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybutyric, 4-Hydroxybutyric (Females Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxybutyric (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxybutyric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyhippuric, 4-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyhippuric (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Females Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic (Males Under Age 13), 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic, 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic (Males Age 13 and Over), 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic (Males Under Age 13), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) (Males Age 13 and Over), 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) (Males Under Age 13), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic, 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic (Males Age 13 and Over), 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furoic (Males Under Age 13), Acetoacetic, Acetoacetic (Males Age 13 and Over), Acetoacetic (Males Under Age 13), Aconitic, Aconitic (Males Age 13 and Over), Aconitic (Males Under Age 13), Adipic, Adipic (Males Age 13 and Over), Adipic (Males Under Age 13), Arabinose, Arabinose (Females Under Age 13), Arabinose (Males Age 13 and Over), Arabinose (Males Under Age 13), Ascorbic, Ascorbic (Males Age 13 and Over), Ascorbic (Males Under Age 13), Carboxycitric, Carboxycitric (Males Age 13 and Over), Carboxycitric (Males Under Age 13), Citramalic, Citramalic (Males Age 13 and Over), Citramalic (Males Under Age 13), Citric, Citric (Males Age 13 and Over), Citric (Males Under Age 13), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria) (Males Age 13 and Over), DHPPA (Beneficial Bacteria) (Males Under Age 13), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Females Under Age 13), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over), Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Under Age 13), Ethylmalonic, Ethylmalonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Ethylmalonic (Males Under Age 13), Fumaric, Fumaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Fumaric (Males Under Age 13), Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic, Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic (Males Age 13 and Over), Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic (Males Under Age 13), Furancarbonylglycine, Furancarbonylglycine (Females Under Age 13), Furancarbonylglycine (Males Age 13 and Over), Furancarbonylglycine (Males Under Age 13), Glutaric, Glutaric (Females Under Age 13), Glutaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Glutaric (Males Under Age 13), Glyceric, Glyceric (Males Age 13 and Over), Glyceric (Males Under Age 13), Glycolic, Glycolic (Males Age 13 and Over), Glycolic (Males Under Age 13), Hippuric, Hippuric (Females Under Age 13), Hippuric (Males Age 13 and Over), Hippuric (Males Under Age 13), Homogentisic, Homogentisic (Males Age 13 and Over), Homogentisic (Males Under Age 13), Homovanillic (HVA), Homovanillic (HVA) (Males Age 13 and Over), Homovanillic (HVA) (Males Under Age 13), HPHPA, HPHPA (Males Age 13 and Over), HPHPA (Males Under Age 13), HVA / VMA Ratio, HVA / VMA Ratio (Males Age 13 and Over), HVA / VMA Ratio (Males Under Age 13), HVA/ DOPAC Ratio, HVA/ DOPAC Ratio (Males Age 13 and Over), HVA/ DOPAC Ratio (Males Under Age 13), Kynurenic, Kynurenic (Males Age 13 and Over), Kynurenic (Males Under Age 13), Lactic, Lactic (Males Age 13 and Over), Lactic (Males Under Age 13), Malic, Malic (Males Age 13 and Over), Malic (Males Under Age 13), Malonic, Malonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Malonic (Males Under Age 13), Mandelic, Mandelic (Males Age 13 and Over), Mandelic (Males Under Age 13), Methylcitric, Methylcitric (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylcitric (Males Under Age 13), Methylmalonic, Methylmalonic (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylmalonic (Males Under Age 13), Methylsuccinic, Methylsuccinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Methylsuccinic (Males Under Age 13), N-Acetylaspartic, N-Acetylaspartic (Males Age 13 and Over), N-Acetylaspartic (Males Under Age 13), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (Males Age 13 and Over), N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) (Males Under Age 13), Orotic, Orotic (Females Under Age 13), Orotic (Males Age 13 and Over), Orotic (Males Under Age 13), Oxalic, Oxalic (Females Under Age 13), Oxalic (Males Age 13 and Over), Oxalic (Males Under Age 13), Pantothenic (B5), Pantothenic (B5) (Males Age 13 and Over), Pantothenic (B5) (Males Under Age 13), Phenyllactic, Phenyllactic (Males Age 13 and Over), Phenyllactic (Males Under Age 13), Phenylpyruvic, Phenylpyruvic (Males Age 13 and Over), Phenylpyruvic (Males Under Age 13), Phosphoric, Phosphoric (Males Age 13 and Over), Phosphoric (Males Under Age 13), Pyridoxic (B6), Pyridoxic (B6) (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyridoxic (B6) (Males Under Age 13), Pyroglutamic, Pyroglutamic (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyroglutamic (Males Under Age 13), Pyruvic, Pyruvic (Females Under Age 13), Pyruvic (Males Age 13 and Over), Pyruvic (Males Under Age 13), Quinolinic, Quinolinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Quinolinic (Males Under Age 13), Quinolinic / 5-HIAA Ratio, Sebacic, Sebacic (Males Age 13 and Over), Sebacic (Males Under Age 13), Suberic, Suberic (Males Age 13 and Over), Suberic (Males Under Age 13), Succinic, Succinic (Females Under Age 13), Succinic (Males Age 13 and Over), Succinic (Males Under Age 13), Tartaric, Tartaric (Males Age 13 and Over), Tartaric (Males Under Age 13), Thymine, Thymine (Males Age 13 and Over), Thymine (Males Under Age 13), Tricarballylic, Tricarballylic (Females Under Age 13), Tricarballylic (Males Age 13 and Over), Tricarballylic (Males Under Age 13), Uracil, Uracil (Males Age 13 and Over), Uracil (Males Under Age 13), Vanillylmandelic (VMA), Vanillylmandelic (VMA) (Males Age 13 and Over), Vanillylmandelic (VMA) (Males Under Age 13)
