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Research Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over)
Organic Acids Test (OAT) - Nutritional and Metabolic Profile Mosaic Diagnostics

Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over)

Optimal Result: 0.27 - 1.9 mmol/mol creatinine.

Dopac (aka 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine serves as the reward and pleasure center in the brain. DOPAC and HVA (Homovanillic Acid) are dopamine metabolites.

DOPAC levels, when viewed in conjunction with dopamine levels, may provide insight into how the body processes neurotransmitters.

Some of the enzymes that degrade dopamine are only found in specific regions of the body. As such some dopamine metabolites are only produced in specific tissues. Understanding how and where these enzymes function can provide valuable insight into how dopamine is functioning in specific regions of the body. In order to understand these functions, one must first realize Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme present within the cytoplasm of neurons that breaks down dopamine to DOPAL. DOPAL, in turn, is very rapidly converted to DOPAC by a second cytoplasmic enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (AD). Because both of these enzymes are primarily found inside neurons, DOPAC levels are dependent on the amount of cytoplasmic dopamine. Combined measurements of DOPAC and dopamine have been used to assess the activity of dopaminergic neurons. This combination provides additional information than either parameter alone because a large portion of DOPAC is formed from dopamine without ever being released to the synaptic cleft. This suggests that DOPAC may be more closely related to the presynaptic dopamine levels while dopamine and similarly HVA levels, another important metabolite of dopamine that is formed outside of the neuron via the actions of catechols-O-methyltransferase (COMT), is related to the rate of neuron signaling. Said another way, extracellular DOPAC is related to the amount of dopamine made and stored in the presynaptic neuron while extracellular dopamine levels are related to the rate of dopamine released via the depolarization of dopamine neurons.

References:

- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-metabolism-of-dopamine-into-DOPAC-3-4-dihydroxyphenylacetic-acid-and-3-MT_fig8_237098396

- http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001336

- https://www.acam.org/blogpost/1092863/229831/Advances-in-Neurotransmitter-Testing-The-Intermediaries-of-the-Neuro-biogenic-Amines

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945170

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892640

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1583475

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806773

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1718014

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22200523

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082158

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850225

- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806773

What does it mean if your Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over) result is too high?

DOPAC, short for dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, is an important substance in our body because it's a major by-product of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays critical roles in our brain functioning, including mood regulation, motivation, and reward. Elevated levels of DOPAC can indicate that something unusual is happening with dopamine metabolism. Various factors can cause these elevated levels, ranging from external substances to nutritional deficiencies. For example, certain metabolites from bacteria like Clostridia and molds, specifically fusaric acid, can inhibit the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), which is crucial for dopamine metabolism. This inhibition can lead to increased DOPAC levels.

Moreover, some pharmaceuticals, including disulfiram, and even common food additives like aspartame, can interfere with DBH, leading to elevated DOPAC. Additionally, the body's ability to produce DBH can be compromised by deficiencies in essential nutrients such as copper, vitamin C, or malic acid. Copper and vitamin C are vital for numerous bodily functions, including enzyme activity, while malic acid plays a role in our cells' energy production processes. When our body lacks these nutrients, it can affect the production and function of DBH, thereby altering dopamine metabolism and resulting in higher levels of DOPAC. Understanding these pathways and the impact of various substances and nutritional deficiencies on DOPAC levels can help in identifying and addressing underlying health issues related to dopamine metabolism.

What does it mean if your Dihydroxyphenylacetic (DOPAC) (Males Age 13 and Over) result is too low?

- Low DOPAC can be due to decreased intake or absorption of dopamine’s precursor amino acids such as phenylalanine and/or tyrosine or decreased quantities of cofactors needed for biosynthesis of dopamine such as tetrahydrobiopterin and vitamin B6 coenzyme.

- DOPAC levels may also be low due to treatment with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors or genetic polymorphisms (SNPs) of MAO or aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) that cause decreased enzyme activity.

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