Calprotectin is a protein that binds to both calcium and zinc. Fecal calprotectin levels are abnormally increased in people with intestinal inflammation, thus it is useful for distinguishing between inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrhea. Specifically, this test may be helpful in differentiating between inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome—calprotectin levels would be higher in the former disease and normal in the latter. Calprotectin is produced mostly from neutrophils and monocytes, which are immune system cells. These cells proliferate and accumulate in areas of inflammation. Thus, calprotectin levels are a marker of neutrophil activity. Calprotectin levels less than 50 mcg/g suggests that there is no inflammatory process occurring in the colon. Levels above 120 mcg/g almost certainly reflect some sort of inflammatory process in the large intestine. Readings between 50 and 120 mcg/g are considered borderline, which means a mild inflammatory process may be present. Borderline readings may occur in people taking daily doses of NSAIDs, proton pump inhibitors, or aspirin. Further workup is usually needed for people with borderline or abnormal calprotectin levels.
Normal Ranges for Calprotectin:
< or =50.0 mcg/g (Normal)
50.1-120.0 mcg/g (Borderline)
> or =120.1 mcg/g (Abnormal)
Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=12795745
http://www.questdiagnostics.com/testcenter/TestDetail.action?ntc=16796
https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/63016
Calprotectin levels cannot be too low. A reading of zero would be considered normal.
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Calprotectin is an indication of neutrophil activity. Neutrophil is a white blood cell that participates in inflammatory processes. Thus, high levels of calprotectin in the stool are often associated with inflammatory processes in the bowel such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, any state that increases neutrophil inflammation will lead to increased levels of calprotectin. Borderline result should be repeated in 4 to 6 weeks.
Some specific causes of high calprotectin levels are:
- Crohn's disease
- Ulcerative colitis
- Celiac disease
- Colorectal cancer
- Gastrointestinal infections
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Acetate, Akkermansia muciniphila, alpha haemolytic Streptococcus, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Anaerotruncus colihominis/massiliensis, Ancylostoma/Necator (Hookworm), Ascaris lumbricoides, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides-Prevotella group, Barnesiella spp., Beta-glucuronidase, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium spp., Blastocystis spp., Butyrivibrio crossotus, Calprotectin, Candida albicans/dubliniensis, Capillaria philippinensis, Cholesterol, Citrobacter species, Clostridium spp., Collinsella aerofaciens, Coprococcus eutactus, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Desulfovibrio piger, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enterococcus faecalis, Eosinophil Protein X, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fecal Color, Fecal Consistency, Fecal Fat, Total, Fecal Occult Blood, Fecal secretory IgA, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B Ratio), Fusobacterium spp., Giardia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus spp., Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Methanobrevibacter smithii, n-Butyrate %, n-Butyrate Concentration, Odoribacter spp., Oxalobacter formigenes, Pancreatic Elastase 1, Phocaeicola vulgatus, Phospholipids, Prevotella spp., Products of Protein Breakdown (Total), Propionate, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudoflavonifractor spp., Roseburia spp., Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus spp., Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), Total, Triglycerides, Veillonella spp., Zonulin Family Peptide
