SCFAs are produced from the fermentation of fibre and protein by certain components of the gut microflora. The SCFAs produced from the fermentation of fibre by probiotic bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli have a range of beneficial effects from serving as a fuel for cells lining the intestine (and the rest of the body) to creating an acidic intestinal environment that is unfavourable to potential pathogens.
- Low levels may suggest that the diet is low in fibre or there is an imbalance in the gut microflora.
- Low levels of bacteria that produce n-butyrate and propionate have been linked to inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis (n-butyrate) and childhood asthma (propionate).
- Patients with advanced colorectal adenoma have reduced fecal n-butyrate and studies indicate that SCFA may play an important role in protection against colorectal cancer. These SCFA, especially n-butyrate, can act in secondary chemoprevention by slowing growth and triggering apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and in primary prevention by activating drug metabolizing enzymes, reducing the mutation burden of carcinogens.
- Consistent with their role in glucose homeostasis, fecal SCFA are often low when metabolic disease is present. Type 2 diabetes and gout have been associated with reduced abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria.
- Low SCFA levels are associated with gut motility problems. Transit times > 50 hours may lead to reduced fecal SCFA due to enhanced colonic uptake.
- Antibiotics reduce SCFA production and may be the cause of diarrhea.
- Fecal SCFA levels tend to be higher in obese/overweight adults than in those who are lean.
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Elevated SCFAs may indicate bacterial overgrowth.
High levels might be due to a very high fibre and/or protein diet, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, or malabsorption, for whatever reason. Treatment will need to address these issues.
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Acetate, Akkermansia muciniphila, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Anaerotruncus colihominis/massiliensis, Ancylostoma/Necator (Hookworm), Ascaris lumbricoides, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bacteroides-Prevotella group, Barnesiella spp., Beta-glucuronidase, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Bifidobacterium spp., Blastocystis spp., Butyrivibrio crossotus, Calprotectin, Candida albicans/dubliniensis, Capillaria philippinensis, Cholesterol, Citrobacter species, Clostridium spp., Collinsella aerofaciens, Coprococcus eutactus, Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Desulfovibrio piger, Dientamoeba fragilis, Entamoeba histolytica, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobius vermicularis, Enterococcus faecalis, Eosinophil Protein X, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Fecal Color, Fecal Consistency, Fecal Fat, Total, Fecal Occult Blood, Fecal secretory IgA, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B Ratio), Fusobacterium spp., Giardia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus spp., Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Methanobrevibacter smithii, n-Butyrate %, n-Butyrate Concentration, Odoribacter spp., Oxalobacter formigenes, Pancreatic Elastase 1, Phocaeicola vulgatus, Phospholipids, Prevotella spp., Products of Protein Breakdown (Total), Propionate, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudoflavonifractor spp., Roseburia spp., Ruminococcus bromii, Ruminococcus spp., Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), Total, Triglycerides, Veillonella spp., Zonulin Family Peptide
