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Metabolimix+ Genova Diagnostics

Copper

Optimal Result: 4 - 11.4 ug/g creat.

Sources:

Legumes, mushrooms, chocolate, nuts and seeds, shellfish and liver are high in copper all greater than 2.4 µg per gram.

Food, water and air (via combustion and fossil fuels and agriculture) are sources of copper.

Copper pipes and fixtures in household plumbing may allow copper to leak into water.

Absorption factors:

Copper absorption occurs in the upper small intestine and compared to other elements, has a relatively high absorption rate at 55 to 75%. Copper levels in the body are homeostatically maintained by copper absorption from the intestine and copper released by the liver into bile to provide protection from copper deficiency and toxicity.

Most copper is excreted in bile/feces, and a small amount excreted in urine. Urinary copper declines only when dietary copper intake is very low. A 24 hour urinary copper provides a screening for suspected cases off toxicity or copper deficiency anemia. Correlation was seen in Wilson's disease using first morning or 24 hour urine. Grains contain phytates that may inhibit copper absorption in the intestines.

Intestinal iron absorption is a copper-dependent process. Iron, vitamin C, zinc, lead poisoning, hemachromatosis, excessive soft drink ingestion, bariatric surgery and zinc containing denture creams adversely affect copper bioavailability.

Cadmium exposure may result in increased urine excretion of copper due to possible renal tubular damage.

Increased molybdenum intake may elevate urinary copper excretion. Serum and 24 – hour urine copper excretion were similar in long-term copper IUD users as in a control group that did not have an IUD.

Biochemical actions:

Copper is a cofactor for more than 20 enzymes, particularly those involved in cellular, respiration and energy, metabolism, neurotransmitter and hormone biosynthesis, iron, metabolism, gene, transcription, melanin formation, and antioxidant defense. Copper is also involved in blood, coagulation and blood pressure control, myelination and connective tissue cross-linking.

Ceruloplasmin carries the predominance of copper in the blood, so alterations in blood copper, likely reflect the amount of circulating ceruloplasmin. Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin can increase during an acute phase response to infection and inflammation, pregnancy, and other hormonal perturbations, some carcinogenic phenotypes, and smoking. Plasma copper may be elevated in the states, while tissue copper could be low. Low plasma, copper indicates physiological impairment.

Symptoms of imbalance:

Copper deficiency is associated with osteoporosis, hypochromic, microcytic, anemia, impaired cholesterol and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular disease, connective tissue abnormalities, CNS disorders, and impaired immune function. Reductions in plasma copper and ceruloplasmin activity are noted in severely copper deficient individuals.

Copper toxicity is rare due to adequate homeostatic control, however, an upper tolerable intake level of 10 mg per day has been established. Wilson's disease is an inherited disease that results from decreased biliary copper excretion due to biliary atresia or biliary cirrhosis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice and abnormal LFTs, ascites, Kayser-Fleischer rings and neurological and psychiatric symptoms.

Copper dyshomeostasis involving either deficiency or excess, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

What does it mean if your Copper result is too high?

Copper toxicity is rare due to adequate homeostatic control, however, an upper tolerable intake level of 10 mg per day has been established. Wilson's disease is an inherited disease that results from decreased biliary copper excretion due to biliary atresia or biliary cirrhosis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice and abnormal LFTs, ascites, Kayser-Fleischer rings and neurological and psychiatric symptoms.

Copper dyshomeostasis involving either deficiency or excess, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

What does it mean if your Copper result is too low?

Copper deficiency is associated with osteoporosis, hypochromic, microcytic, anemia, impaired cholesterol and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular disease, connective tissue abnormalities, CNS disorders, and impaired immune function. Reductions in plasma copper and ceruloplasmin activity are noted in severely copper deficient individuals.

Copper dyshomeostasis involving either deficiency or excess, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

Frequently asked questions

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With a Healthmatters account, you can dive into the details of each biomarker and gain insights into the meaning behind your medical test data, anytime, anywhere.

For our professional users, Healthmatters provides intuitive tools that not only streamline analysis but also save valuable time when delving into your client's lab report history.

Healthmatters.io personal account provides in-depth research on 4000+ biomarkers, including information and suggestions for test panels such as, but not limited to:

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It's as simple as this: if you can get a test done, you can upload it to Healthmatters and we can interpret results from any lab out there. If laboratories can analyze it, we can interpret it.

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For those who prefer assistance, we offer a "Data entry service" to help you input your data. Simply attach an image or file of your lab test results, and a qualified team member from our data entry team will add the results for you.

We support various file types, including PDFs, JPGs, or Excel. This service is particularly useful if you have many reports to upload or if you're too busy to handle the data entry yourself.

Our special data entry service makes it easy to add your results to your private dashboard. Just attach an image or a file of your lab test results, and our skilled data entry team will do the work for you. It's all done by humans, ensuring that your data is entered accurately and with personal care for each client.

Depending on your account, the data entry service can be included for free or come at an additional cost of $15 per report.

For users on the Complete monthly plan, the first report is entered free of charge, and each additional report incurs a fee of $15.

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You can always upgrade to a lifetime version with a prorated price from a monthly or yearly subscription.

Simply log in and navigate to your account settings to cancel your subscription. Scroll down to locate the 'Cancel' button at the bottom of the page. Ensure you cancel at least one day before the renewal date to prevent any charges. Once cancellation is requested, the subscription remains active until the conclusion of the current billing cycle.

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We’ve crafted multiple ways for you to navigate your data, whether you're glancing at a single report or delving into your historical test reports.

1. Graph View:

Dive into a visual journey with our biomarker graphs, showcasing over 40 data points. Combining years of results unveils trends, empowering you to make informed decisions. Our visualization tools make it a breeze to compare and understand changes over time, even if your results are from different labs. A search function and filters simplify the exploration of extensive data, allowing you to focus on what needs attention.

2. All Tests View

Explore neatly organized reports on a timeline, highlighting crucial details like dates, critical results, and lab/panel names. Each report opens up to reveal in-depth descriptions and additional recommendations for each biomarker. The history of previous results is just a click away, and you can download a comprehensive report for deeper insights. Color-coded and user-friendly, it's designed for easy reading, understanding, and navigation.

3. Table View:

For a holistic view of all biomarkers side by side, our table view is your go-to. Results are neatly displayed in a categorized and dated table, ideal for those with an extensive test history. Utilize sorting, filters, and color-coding to enhance your analysis and gain extra insights.

Yes, you can download information from your account. We can compile your labs into a CSV file. To download all your labs, you can go to Account Settings, and at the bottom of the page, you will find a link to download your information.

Yes, you can print your report. To do so, navigate to "All tests" and open the report you wish to print. You'll find a print button in the right corner of the report. Click on it, and your browser's print window will open. If you prefer to print in a bigger typeface, adjust the scale using the print window settings.

Yes, you can! We highly recommend activating Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for your account. To do so, please navigate to the "Profile and Security" section of your account, where you will find instructions for activating 2FA.

Yes, you can. When entering values for the biomarker, you will see an "Edit Range" button. Click this button, and you'll have the option to enter a custom range.

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To learn more about Healthmatters Pro, please refer to the professional page.

Yes, you can! Simply go to the "Invite Doctor" section, enter your doctor’s email address, and send the invitation. Your doctor will receive an email with secure access to view your results. You can revoke this access at any time. All shared information is securely encrypted and protected for your privacy.
Yes, you can! Go to the Graph view or Spreadsheet view. In the top-right corner, click "Export to Excel," and the file will be downloaded to your device.

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