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Optimal range: 71.3 - 772.63 ug/mg creatinine
Citrate holds significant importance in metabolic assessments and clinical evaluations. This molecule plays a central role in energy metabolism as it is an essential component of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC), also known as the Krebs cycle, which is a crucial process in cellular respiration. Citrate serves as the starting point in the CAC, where it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions to generate ATP, the cell's primary energy currency.
Optimal range: 56 - 987 mcg/mg creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 507 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 24 - 1174 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 2.2 - 260 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 597 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 100 umol/L
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 40 - 520 mmol/mol creatinine
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 132.5 - 645.6 ug/mgCR
A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls iron homeostasis.
Optimal range: 203 - 3208.6 nmol/mg Creatinine
- Diet has a significant impact on citric acid levels:
» Increased acid load due to diets high in animal-based proteins, carbonated drinks, and in severe carbohydrate restriction can lead to mild metabolic acidosis, hypercalciuria, and reduced citric-acid excretion.
» Plant-based diets are associated with increased citric acid. Alkalinization of urine through consumption of citrus foods, alkaline mineral water, fruits and vegetables, or citrate supplements (such as mag-citrate) increase citric acid levels.
- Low urine citric acid has been associated with insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis, bonedensity, hypokalemia, the development of kidney stones, kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease, and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis.
Optimal range: 0 - 498.8 mmol/mol
Citric acid, cis-aconitic acid, and isocitric acid are the first three metabolites in the Krebs Citric Acid energy production cycle, which operates in the mitochondria of your cells.
Optimal range: 40 - 520 mmol/mol creatinine
A two-carbon group from Acetyl-CoA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citric acid. Citric acid is then converted to isocitric acid through a cis-aconitic intermediate using the enzyme aconitase. Aconitase is an iron-sulfate protein that controls iron homeostasis.
Optimal range: 320 - 1240 mg/24 hr
Citric acid helps prevent stone formation by binding calcium.
Citrate is a powerful force against calcium stones. It binds calcium in a soluble complex. It interferes with calcium crystal formation and growth. Low urine citrate is a risk factor for new stone onset. Above 400 mg daily there is no extra risk of stones in men or women, so ‘hypocitraturia’ means a urine citrate below 400 mg daily.
Optimal range: 0 - 9.4 ng/g
Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.
Optimal range: 0 - 7.05 ng/g
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin that can be detected in a urine test, and its presence often signifies potential exposure to this fungal toxin. Citrinin is primarily produced by various species of molds, particularly Penicillium and Aspergillus, commonly found in food products, such as grains, cereals, and fermented foods like cheese and soy sauce.
Optimal range: 0 - 25 ng/g creatinine
Dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is a metabolite of Citrinin (CTN), which is a mycotoxin that is produced by the mold genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Monascus.
Reference range: No Growth, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+
Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater. Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri) can cause diarrheal disease.
Optimal range: 0 - 500000 Units
Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum.
Optimal range: 0 - 5 x10^4 CFU/g
Citrobacter spp., a gram-negative bacterium and member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is considered dysbiotic at 3+ or greater.
Citrobacter freundii complex (including C. freundii, C. braakii, C. gullenii, C. murliniae, rodentium, C. wermanii, C. youngae, C. koseri and C. farmeri, can cause diarrheal disease.
Symptoms are the result of an E. coli-like heat-stable enterotoxin and hydrogen sulfide.
Citrobacter freundii complex has been implicated as a cause of gastrointestinal infection and inflammation, acute dysentery, and dyspepsia.
