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Optimal range: 0.06 - 1.58 mmol/mol
What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?
2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.
What is Glutathione?
Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.
Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.
2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.
Optimal range: 0.018 - 0.55 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.03 - 0.29 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.8 - 3.9 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 2 - 8.4 ng/mg CR
2-Hydroxyestrone is a metabolite of estrogen and is often referred to as a "good" estrogen due to its relatively benign nature compared to other estrogen metabolites. The significance of 2-Hydroxyestrone lies in its role in the 2-hydroxylation pathway, one of the primary routes through which the body metabolizes estrogens. This metabolite is considered to have weaker estrogenic activity and is associated with a reduced risk of estrogen-related cancers, such as breast cancer, in contrast to other pathways that produce more potent and potentially harmful estrogen metabolites.
Optimal range: 2.68 - 8.6 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 1.6 - 6.5 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 13.4 - 33.7 ng/mg Creat/Day
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.9 - 43.8 mcg/g Creat.
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.8 µg/g creatinine
HEMA is a metabolite of ethylene oxide, which is used in the production of agrochemicals, detergents, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products.
Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide has been determined to be mutagenic to humans.
Optimal range: 1 - 14 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Hydroxyglutaric acid is identifiable in urine by routine organic acid analysis.
What is 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria?
2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by the significantly elevated levels of hydroxyglutaric acid in one's urine. It is either autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant.
2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a condition that causes progressive damage to the brain. The major types of this disorder are called D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D-2-HGA), L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA), and combined D,L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (D,L-2-HGA).
Optimal range: 0 - 1.3 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Hydroxyhippuric acid is a conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and glycine.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Hydroxyhippuric acid is a conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and glycine.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.86 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Hydroxyhippuric acid is a conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and glycine.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Hydroxyhippuric acid is a conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and glycine.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.42 mmol/mol
2-Hydroxyhippuric acid is a conjugate of hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) and glycine.
