Two types of antibodies are detected in the Western blot test.

This particular marker is called 18 KD (IGG) Band and hence is a IgG antibody marker. IgG antibodies are a sign of an older infection. In contrast, IgM antibodies reflect a relatively recent infection. 

IgM antibodies usually disappear after eight weeks post-exposure. 
IgG remains in the serum for a very long time. 

The 2-hour blood sugar level in a glucose tolerance test (GTT) is a critical marker for assessing glucose metabolism and diagnosing conditions like diabetes and pre-diabetes. This test is a cornerstone in diabetes management and is especially vital during pregnancy to screen for gestational diabetes. After fasting overnight, your initial blood sugar level is measured. Then, you consume a glucose-rich drink, and your blood sugar levels are tested again at various intervals, with the 2-hour mark being particularly significant. Under normal circumstances, the body efficiently processes the glucose, and blood sugar levels should fall back to less than 140 mg/dL within 2 hours.

If the 2-hour blood sugar level in a glucose tolerance test (GTT) is significantly low, it may indicate a condition called reactive hypoglycemia. This condition occurs when your blood sugar drops excessively after eating. Normally, the body regulates blood glucose levels efficiently, but in reactive hypoglycemia, this regulation is disrupted, leading to a rapid decline in blood sugar levels after carbohydrate intake.

DDT, a persistent organic pollutant once commonly used as a pesticide for controlling malaria and typhus, metabolizes in humans to produce 2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA), the primary urinary metabolite and potential exposure biomarker. DDT readily adsorbs to soils and sediments, which can serve as both sinks and long-term sources of exposure. As an endocrine disruptor, DDT poses significant health risks, potentially disrupting semen quality, menstruation, gestational length, and lactation duration, and accumulating in lipid-rich areas of the body, affecting reproductive capabilities and fetal development. It is also likely a human carcinogen, particularly linked to breast cancer. DDE, another DDT metabolite, is excreted as DDA in the urine. Humans can absorb DDT through inhalation of gaseous and particulate phases, direct dermal contact, ingestion of contaminated substances, and exposure to contaminated soil or products. To detoxify, sweating induced by infrared and steam sauna sessions can help eliminate DDT from the body by excreting it through the skin.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) is a very common herbicide that was a part of Agent Orange, which was used by the U.S. in the Vietnam War. It is most commonly used in agriculture on genetically modified foods, and as a weed killer for lawns. Exposure to 2, 4-D via skin or oral ingestion is associated with neuritis, weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, stupor, seizures, brain damage, and impaired reflexes. 2, 4-D is a known endocrine disruptor, and can block hormone distribution and cause glandular breakdown.

2-Methylhippuric Acid (2MHA), 3-Methylhippuric Acid (3MHA), 4-Methylhippuric Acid (4MHA) -- These are metabolites of xylenes, solvents found in paints, lacquers, cleaning agents, pesticides, and gasoline. Exposure to xylenes generates methylhippuric acid isomers.

2-Methylhippuric Acid (2MHA), 3-Methylhippuric Acid (3MHA), 4-Methylhippuric Acid (4MHA)
These are metabolites of xylenes, solvents found in paints, lacquers, cleaning agents, pesticides, and gasoline. Exposure to xylenes generates methylhippuric acid isomers.

2,3,4-Methylhippuric Acid (2,3,4-MHA) is a metabolite of xylene, a solvent commonly used in industrial and commercial products like paints, varnishes, adhesives, and gasoline. Elevated levels of 2,3,4-MHA in urine typically indicate significant exposure to xylene, especially in occupational settings such as paint manufacturing, chemical production, and printing. Environmental exposure can also occur in areas with high vehicular emissions or nearby industrial activities, while consumer product exposure may happen through the use of xylene-containing products like solvents and cleaning supplies. Chronic or prolonged exposure to xylene, reflected by elevated 2,3,4-MHA levels, can lead to neurotoxic effects, including headaches, dizziness, and memory issues, as well as respiratory symptoms like coughing and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure can also result in liver and kidney damage, and may affect cardiovascular health, potentially causing changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, xylene exposure has been linked to reproductive health concerns, including potential birth defects or developmental delays in infants. Monitoring 2,3,4-MHA levels is crucial for identifying individuals at risk and taking preventive measures to reduce exposure in both occupational and environmental contexts.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.

What is 2-Hydroxybutyric acid?

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (aka α-Hydroxybutyrate) is a by-product of glutathione production. Levels of 2-Hydroxybutyric acid in the urine may reflect levels of glutathione production.

What is Glutathione?

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that can prevent damage to cellular components caused by reactive oxygen species such as free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

Glutathione is constantly being used up in the removal of toxic molecules and prevention of oxidative damage.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid is a by-product from the process in which the body forms more glutathione. When that process is running at high rates, α-hydroxybutyrate excretion is increased.