Gram-negative bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum. High levels may indicate increased intestinal inflammatory activity and may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools. Some strains of P. aeroginosa may produce toxins that can damage cells.

The PTT-LA Ratio is an essential part of lupus anticoagulant (LA) testing. It is calculated using a modified partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test that employs a low-phospholipid reagent, making it highly sensitive to the presence of lupus anticoagulant. A normal PTT-LA ratio is typically ≤1.20.

An elevated PTT-LA ratio may suggest the presence of lupus anticoagulant—an antibody that paradoxically increases the risk of blood clots, even though it prolongs clotting times in laboratory tests. This test is commonly performed alongside other assays, such as the dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT), as part of a comprehensive lupus anticoagulant panel.

PTT-LA screen helps to help investigate the cause of a blood clot (thrombotic episode); to evaluate a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT); to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriages, or as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome; the tests are not used to diagnose the chronic autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as lupus.

Non-gluten proteins constitute about 25% of the total protein content of wheat cereal. Recently it has been shown that these non-gluten proteins are immune-reactive in individuals with wheat sensitivity. The 5 groups of non-gluten proteins which are distinctly different from the gluten proteins that are responsible for inflammation in patients with wheat sensitivity are serpins, purinins, farinins, amylase/protease inhibitors and globulins.

Pus cells refer to term given to the accumulation of dead white blood cells (WBCs) at the site of infection. When these pus cells are present in the human urine, the condition is known as Pyuria. It is normal for some pus cells to be present in the urine sample, however, an elevated number of pus cells in the urine sample are an indication of some underlying infection. 

Valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate constitute the putrefactive short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). 

Valerate, isovalerate and isobutyrate are produced exclusively by fermentation of protein. These SCFAs are putrefactive, and suggest underlying protein maldigestion, malabsorption, or BOSI.

Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate (PLP), also known as the active form of vitamin B6, is a versatile and essential coenzyme in various enzymatic reactions in the body, particularly in amino acid metabolism. Serving as a coenzyme for over 100 enzymes, PLP plays a pivotal role in biochemical processes including transamination, decarboxylation, and glycogen phosphorylase activity. Its transaminase activity is crucial for the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids, aiding in the interconversion between amino acids and alpha-keto acids.

A major metabolite of vitamin B6. High pyridoxic acid indicates high recent intake of vitamin B6. Because some individuals may require very high doses of vitamin B6, high values do not necessarily indicate the need to reduce vitamin B6 intake. Low values are associated with low B6 status, high oxalates, and/or low neurotransmitters.

The main urinary metabolite of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) and is a measure of recent dietary intake.
Low values of pyridoxic acid in the urine indicate low recent intake while high values indicate high recent dietary intake.

- Pyridoxic acid (4-Pyridoxate) is a catabolic product of vitamin B6 that is excreted in the urine. Pyridoxic acid represents > 90% of vitamin B6 species excreted in the urine, and 40-60% of dietary vitamin B6 intake. Urine 4-pyridoxic acid correlated with plasma PLP and RBC PLP.

- 4-Pyridoxic acid level varies according to vitamin B6 intake and responds within 1–2 weeks to vitamin B6 depletion and repletion. Very low levels (<dl on the report) may indicate B6 need, and very high levels may identify excess intake.

- Increased xanthurenic acid after a tryptophan load may occur in vitamin B6-deficient individuals.

- In a mathematical model without a tryptophan load, xanthurenic acid and kynurenine increased at a more pronounced deficiency. Kynurenic acid may be more sensitive but may also result in a slight decrease.

Pyridoxic Acid (PA), often referred to as B6Pro, is a significant metabolite of Vitamin B6 that serves as a reliable biomarker for assessing vitamin B6 status in the body. Vitamin B6, a collective term for several related compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine, is essential for numerous physiological functions, particularly those involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and hemoglobin formation. When Vitamin B6 is metabolized in the body, it is primarily converted into Pyridoxic Acid, which is then excreted in the urine.

A major metabolite of vitamin B6. High pyridoxic acid indicates high recent intake of vitamin B6. Because some individuals may require very high doses of vitamin B6, high values do not necessarily indicate the need to reduce vitamin B6 intake. Low values are associated with low B6 status, high oxalates, and/or low neurotransmitters.

Pyroglutamate (or Pyroglutamic acid) is an intermediate in the glutathione metabolism and a marker of glutathione deficiency.

Pyroglutamate (or Pyroglutamic acid) is an intermediate in the glutathione metabolism and a marker of glutathione deficiency.

Pyroglutamate is a step in the production/recycling of glutathione. Glutathione is one of the most potent anti-oxidants in the human body. It is especially important in getting rid of toxins, including the harmful metabolites of estrogen detoxification 4-OH-E1 and 4-OH-E2.

In healthy individuals, a very modest amount of Pyroglutamate is spilled in the urine.