Norovirus affects people of all ages causing 19 to 21 million illnesses in the US per year. It is the leading contributor to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. While infections can occur year-round, Norovirus outbreaks tend to peak in cold weather. Norovirus infection symptoms include vomiting with watery, non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps; occasionally fever, headache, muscle aches, or fatigue.

Norovirus GI & GII, or Norwalk virus, is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. It is widely known for causing the stomach flu on cruise ships. Three genotypes of this diverse virus, GI, GII, and GIV, can infect humans.

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function.

- N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molecule that produces BNP.

- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced by your heart.

- Both BNP and NT-proBNP are released in response to changes in pressure inside the heart. These changes can be related to heart failure and other cardiac problems.

Levels goes up when heart failure develops or gets worse, and levels goes down when heart failure is stable. In most cases, BNP and NT-proBNP levels are higher in patients with heart failure than people who have normal heart function.

NT-proBNP is a diagnostic screening tool to differentiate between people with normal and reduced left ventricular systolic function.

- N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP) is a non-active prohormone that is released from the same molecule that produces BNP.

- B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a hormone produced by your heart.

- Both BNP and NT-proBNP are released in response to changes in pressure inside the heart. These changes can be related to heart failure and other cardiac problems.

Levels goes up when heart failure develops or gets worse, and levels goes down when heart failure is stable. In most cases, BNP and NT-proBNP levels are higher in patients with heart failure than people who have normal heart function.

The Nuclear Dot Pattern, observed in Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) testing, is a distinctive immunofluorescence pattern characterized by discrete speckles or dots within the cell nucleus. This pattern emerges when specific autoantibodies in the patient's serum react with nuclear proteins, most notably Sp100 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein. The presence of a Nuclear Dot Pattern is of clinical significance as it is often associated with certain autoimmune conditions.

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (NRBCs) are immature red blood cells that have not yet expelled their nucleus. In a typical Complete Blood Count (CBC) test, the presence of NRBCs is significant and can provide valuable insights into a patient's health. While NRBCs are common in the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced, they usually do not circulate in peripheral blood. Therefore, the appearance of NRBCs in a CBC test panel is noteworthy and often indicates an abnormality or a stress response within the body.

The percentage of NRBCs in blood can be crucial for diagnosing various conditions. Normally, these cells are filtered out of the bloodstream as they mature in the bone marrow, so their presence in a CBC indicates that the bone marrow is releasing cells into the bloodstream prematurely. This can occur due to several reasons, such as severe anemia, hypoxia, bone marrow disorders, or other conditions that disrupt normal red blood cell production. In such cases, the bone marrow may be overactive or under stress, leading to the premature release of these immature cells.

The term 'NRBC' – 'nucleated red blood cells' – refers to precursor cells of the red blood cell lineage which still contain a nucleus.

The presence of antibodies to Oats is an indication of food immune reactivity. The offending food and its known cross-reactive foods should be eliminated from the diet. Adverse reactions to Oat have been reported. Genetically speaking, Oats do not contain gluten and thereby should be safe to eat for the celiac or non-celiac gluten-sensitive patient. However, due to cross-contamination of Oats during transportation and food processing, they may become harmful to the gluten-reactive population. Some varieties of Oats have been shown to cross-react with gliadin.

The Occludin IgG1-4+C3d test on a gut barrier panel detects immune responses against occludin, a key protein in gut lining integrity. Positive results indicate autoimmune reactions, potentially leading to "leaky gut" and related gastrointestinal issues. A negative result suggests a healthy gut barrier. This test is vital for assessing and managing gut health conditions.

Occludin and Zonulin are proteins of the tight junctions found between epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These proteins are gate keepers of the body, allowing only small amino acid nutrients to pass into the blood stream.

Occludin and Zonulin are proteins of the tight junctions found between epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These proteins are gate keepers of the body, allowing only small amino acid nutrients to pass into the blood stream. When tight junction proteins are functioning properly, they prevent large molecules from crossing the intestinal barrier into the blood stream, where they can elicit an immune response.

Occludin and Zonulin are proteins of the tight junctions found between epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These proteins are gate keepers of the body, allowing only small amino acid nutrients to pass into the blood stream.

Occludin and Zonulin are proteins of the tight junctions found between epithelial cells of the intestinal barrier. These proteins are gate keepers of the body, allowing only small amino acid nutrients to pass into the blood stream.

In many cases, a positive occult blood results from gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper small intestine or higher. Gastric ulceration could, for example, result in a finding of occult blood rather than blood in the feces. However, a positive finding of occult blood may also be associated with colon cancer, ulcerative colitis (check fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin levels), ulceration of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, diverticulitis, and gastric carcinoma.