Hemoglobin F (fetal hemoglobin) makes up to 1%-2% of Hb found in adults; it has two alpha and two gamma protein chains. This is the primary hemoglobin produced by the fetus during pregnancy; its production usually falls shortly after birth and reaches adult levels by 1-2 years.

Hemoglobin S, the primary hemoglobin in people with sickle cell disease that causes the RBC to become misshapen (sickle), decreasing the cell's survival.

The Hemoglobin Solubility test is used to help identify the presence of Hemoglobin S. The test may also detect sickling hemoglobins, and evaluate hemolytic anemia.

HHV-6 IgG antibodies are specific immunoglobulins that play a pivotal role in the serological diagnosis and understanding of infections caused by the Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). HHV-6, a member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, is known for its ubiquity and capability to establish lifelong latency following primary infection, often reactivating under immunocompromised conditions. The detection of HHV-6 IgG antibodies in serum is indicative of past exposure to the virus, reflecting an adaptive immune response. High titers of these antibodies suggest either a recent primary infection, typically associated with exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) in young children, or a reactivation of the virus in adults, which can lead to a range of clinical manifestations including mononucleosis-like syndromes, encephalitis, and complications in transplant recipients.

Human herpesvirus 7 is a herpes family virus that can stay in your body for life usually in a dormant state. It is ubiquitous worldwide and nearly 70% of all children will be exposed to the virus by the age of 4. DNA of the virus has been found in the CD4+ T cells of healthy adults which is indicative of the latency.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

Hippuric acid is a conjugate (=a compound formed by the joining of two or more compounds) of glycine and benzoic acid formed in the liver.

Most hippuric acid in urine is derived from microbial breakdown of chlorogenic acid to benzoic acid.

Hippuric acid is a conjugate (=a compound formed by the joining of two or more compounds) of glycine and benzoic acid formed in the liver.

Most hippuric acid in urine is derived from microbial breakdown of chlorogenic acid to benzoic acid.

Hippuric acid is a conjugate (=a compound formed by the joining of two or more compounds) of glycine and benzoic acid formed in the liver.

Most hippuric acid in urine is derived from microbial breakdown of chlorogenic acid to benzoic acid.

Microbes resident in the large intestine of the human body help to break down complex aromatic compounds in dietary plant matter (polyphenols), freeing up benzoic acid, which enters the bloodstream. The liver can add the amino acid glycine to benzoic acid to form hippuric acid, which re-enters the blood and is absorbed by the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys excrete hundreds of milligrams of hippuric acid into the urine every day.

→ Benzoic acid is metabolized to hippuric acid and excreted.

→ Hippuric acid is a normal urinary metabolite associated with microbial degradation of certain dietary components.

→ Levels of hippuric acid rise with the consumption of fruit juice, tea, and wine, which are converted to benzoic acid.

→ Though a defect in the enzymatic conjugation of benzoic to hippuric acid has been noted in Crohn’s disease patients, research implicates altered gut microbial metabolism as the cause of decreased hippuric acid.

→ Other research has found a positive association between Clostridia spp. and hippuric acid levels.

→ Hippuric acid has been positively associated with gut diversity.

→ If elevated, evaluate benzoic acid and glycine levels. Support with glycine if needed.