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Optimal range: 0.1 - 2.4 ELISA Index
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0.46 - 3.7 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Often elevated due to stress induced catecholamine output or lead toxicity.
Optimal range: 0.53 - 2.2 mmol/mol creatinine
Metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Often elevated due to stress induced catecholamine output or lead toxicity.
Optimal range: 0.72 - 6.4 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 1236.1 - 3430.7 ng/mg CR
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine formed via the actions of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase. VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA), metanephrine, and normetanephrine.
Optimal range: 2411.2 - 5047.8 mcg/g
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine formed via the actions of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase. VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA), metanephrine, and normetanephrine.
Optimal range: 1.4 - 5.09 ug/mgCR
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is an end-stage metabolite of the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine formed via the actions of monoamine oxidase, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), and aldehyde dehydrogenase. VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA), metanephrine, and normetanephrine.
Optimal range: 1.7 - 6.5 mg/g Cr
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is a metabolic breakdown product of certain catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. VMA is excreted in the urine, and its measurement in a random urine sample is used in medical tests to assess the levels of these catecholamines.
Optimal range: 0 - 18.8 mg/g creat
Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA) is a key metabolic byproduct found in urine, derived from the breakdown of catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which are vital hormones produced by the adrenal glands. The measurement of VMA in a random urine sample is a significant diagnostic tool used to assess and monitor certain medical conditions, particularly those involving the adrenal glands and nervous system.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.64 ug/mg creatinine
Vanilmandelate is a noradrenalin metabolite.
Nutrient association: Essential amino acids
Vanilmandelate (VMA) and Homovanillate (HVA) are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.
Treatments to improve digestion, along with supplementation of tyrosine or phenylalanine, can help improve the ability to keep up with demand for these neurotransmitters.
Optimal range: 0.4 - 3.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Vanilmandelate (VMA) and Homovanillate (HVA) are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.
Optimal range: 1.2 - 5.3 mcg/mg creatinine
Vanilmandelate (VMA) and Homovanillate (HVA) are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.
Optimal range: 2.2 - 5.5 ug/mg
Vanilmandelate is a metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline).
Optimal range: 2.5 - 7.5 ug/mg
Vanilmandelate (VMA) is the primary metabolite of norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline). The adrenal gland makes cortisol and DHEA (from the adrenal cortex) as well as norepinephrine and epinephrine (from the adrenal medulla).
→ When adrenal hormone output is low, Vanilmandelate (VMA) levels may be low.
→ If Homovanillate (HVA) levels are significantly higher than Vanilmandelate (VMA), there may be a conversion problem from dopamine to norepinephrine. This case can be caused by a copper or vitamin C deficiency.
→ The enzymes COMT (methylation of catechols) and MAO are needed to make HVA and VMA from dopamine and norepinephrine respectively. If these enzymes are not working properly, HVA and/or VMA may be low in urine, when circulating levels of dopamine and/or norepinephrine/epinephrine may not be low.
→ Low levels of norepinephrine/epinephrine are associated with addictions, cravings, fatigue, low blood pressure, low muscle tone, intolerance to exercise, depression, and loss of alertness.
→ High levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine are associated with feelings of stress, aggression, violence, impatience, anxiety, panic, excess worry/hypervigilance, insomnia, paranoia, increasing tingling/burning, loss of memory, pain sensitivity, high blood pressure and heart palpitations.
Optimal range: 0.4 - 3.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Vanilmandelic Acid is a breakdown product from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission.
Optimal range: 0.4 - 3.6 mmol/mol creatinine
Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) is formed in the liver by the oxidation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol.
As a downstream metabolite of tyrosine-derived catecholamines, levels of VMA can reflect the overall synthesis and metabolism of catecholamines.
Whether norepinephrine or epinephrine are metabolized into VMA or 3-methoxy-4-OH-phenylglycol (MHPG) depends on the presence and specificity of various available aldehyde reductase and dehydrogenase enzymes.
Optimal range: 5.3 - 36.1 nmol/mg Creatinine
Metabolite of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Often elevated due to stress induced catecholamine output or lead toxicity.
Reference range: Negative, Equivocal, Positive
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a herpes virus, causes 2 distinct rash-associated diseases:
1) chickenpox (varicella) and 2) herpes zoster (shingles).
Chickenpox is a highly contagious, though typically benign, disease, usually contracted during childhood. Chickenpox is characterized by a dermal vesiculopustular rash that develops in successive crops approximately 10 to 21 days following exposure. Although primary infection with VZV results in immunity and protection from subsequent infection, VZV remains latent within sensory dorsal root ganglia and upon reactivation, manifests as herpes zoster or shingles. During reactivation, the virus migrates along neural pathways to the skin, producing a unilateral rash, usually limited to a single dermatome.
Shingles is an extremely painful condition typically occurring in older nonimmune adults or those with waning immunity to VZV and in patients with impaired cellular immunity.
Optimal range: 1.1 - 10 AI
The Varicella-Zoster Antibody (IgG) test looks for antibodies in your blood that your body makes against the varicella-zoster virus. It is very contagious. Varicella-zoster virus, a herpesvirus, causes two distinct rash-associated diseases:
– chickenpox (varicella)
– shingles (herpes zoster).