Reduced methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme activity is a genetic risk factor for hyperhomocysteinemia, especially when present with low serum folate levels. Two common variants in the MTHFR gene result in reduced enzyme activity. The "thermolabile" variant C677T [NM 005957.3: c.665C>T (p.A222V)] and A1298C [c. 1286A>C (p.E429A)] occur frequently in the general population.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production. In one step of metabolism, vitamin B12 promotes the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA (a form of MMA) to succinyl Coenzyme A. If there is not enough B12 available, then the MMA concentration begins to rise, resulting in an increase of MMA in the blood and urine. The measurement of elevated amounts of methylmalonic acid in the blood or urine serves as a sensitive and early indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

The measurement of elevated amounts of methylmalonic acid in the blood or urine serves as a sensitive and early indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency.

The measurement of elevated amounts of methylmalonic acid in the blood or urine serves as a sensitive and early indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Other names: Methylmalonic Acid or MMA

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production. In one step of metabolism, vitamin B12 promotes the conversion of methylmalonyl CoA (a form of MMA) to succinyl Coenzyme A. If there is not enough B12 available, then the MMA concentration begins to rise, resulting in an increase of MMA in the blood and urine. The measurement of elevated amounts of methylmalonic acid in the blood or urine serves as a sensitive and early indicator of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) is formed from propionylCoA via methylmalonyl-CoA. Major dietary sources of propionyl-CoA include valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd chain fatty acids. MethylmalonylCoA is converted to succinyl-CoA to feed the Citric Acid Cycle via the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. This enzyme is very vitamin B2 dependent. In B12 deficiency, methylmalonyl-CoA is hydrolyzed to methylmalonic acid.

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) is a substance produced in very small amounts and is necessary for human metabolism and energy production.

Methylmalonic acid is a compound that reacts with vitamin B-12 to produce coenzyme A (CoA). When vitamin B-12 deficiencies occur, methylmalonic acid levels increase.

Methylparaben belongs to the paraben family and is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative. Methylparaben is generally recognized as safe for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation. Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin. Studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB (Ultraviolet type B), leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage. Methylparaben was responsible for disrupting estrogenic and androgenic receptors too.

Some research has suggested that parabens may have endocrine-disrupting properties and could be associated with certain health issues, such as hormone imbalances. However, the specific health effects of parabens on humans are not well understood, and results from studies have been inconclusive.

Methylsuccinate is a metabolite in the body's biochemical pathways and is primarily associated with the catabolism of certain amino acids, including methionine and threonine. Elevated levels of methylsuccinate can be indicative of metabolic disturbances related to amino acid metabolism. High methylsuccinate levels may stem from various factors, including enzyme deficiencies or genetic mutations in the pathways involved in methionine and threonine metabolism. Such elevations could be associated with conditions like methylmalonic acidemia, which is a group of rare genetic disorders affecting organic acid metabolism.