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Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
Malate is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 Score
Biomarkers:
Products of Protein Breakdown - Products of Protein Breakdown are markers of undigested protein reaching the colon.
Pancreatic Elastase - Pancreatic Elastase-1 is a marker of exocrine pancreatic function.
Fecal Fats - Fecal Fat is a marker of fat breakdown and absorption.
Score explanation:
The functional imbalance scores are generated using weighted algorithms that incorporate biomarkers belonging to each functional category.
0 to 2: This represents a low need for support.
2 to 3: This represents an optional need for support.
4 to 6: This represents moderate need for support.
7 to 10: This represents high need for support.
Therapeutic Support Options:
Therapeutic support options are static to serve as potential treatment ideas. Clinician discretion is advised when selecting appropriate therapeutics for individual patients.
- Digestive Enzymes
- Betaine HCl
- Bile Salts
- Apple Cider Vinegar
- Mindful Eating Habits
- Digestive Bitters
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle. Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.
Optimal range: 0.06 - 1.8 mmol/mol creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 0 - 1.1 mmol/mol creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 0 - 2.3 mmol/mol creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 1 - 27.1 nmol/mg Creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle. Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.
Optimal range: 0.08 - 1.74 mmol/mol
Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle.
Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is one of the B vitamins, which are all water soluble.
At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.
Optimal range: 0 - 3.59 ug/mgCR
Fumaric acid uses the fumarase enzyme to become malic acid. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malic acid into oxaloacetate. Two forms of this enzyme exist in eukaryotes. One operates within the mitochondria to contribute to the Citric Acid Cycle; the other is in the cytosol where it participates in the malate/ aspartate shuttle. Riboflavin is an important cofactor for this enzyme and overall mitochondrial energy production and cellular function. At the end of each Citric Acid Cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.
Optimal range: 0 - 3 mmol/mol creatinine
Malic Acid is involved in the citric acid cycle (aka. Krebs cycle). The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that occur in the mitochondrion to generate chemical energy that fuels the metabolism.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Optimal range: 0 - 9.7 mmol/mol creatinine
Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Optimal range: 0 - 9.9 mmol/mol creatinine
Malonic acid is found to be associated with malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency, which is an inborn error of metabolism. The name “Malonic” originates from Latin malum, meaning apple. Malonic acid is the archetypal example of a competitive inhibitor: it acts against succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) in the respiratory electron transport chain.
Optimal range: 0 - 18 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.34 ug/mg creatinine
Mandelate is a Styrene metabolite.
Sources of exposure:
- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.
- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.
- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.
- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.
- Emissions from styrene production and disposal procedures - chemical spills, landfill sites and industrial discharges.
- Occupational Exposure: industries and operations concerned with the fabrication and application of plastics - styrene/polystyrene manufacturing plants, resin manufacturers, synthetic rubber plants, boats and automobile plants, laminators.
Optimal range: 0 - 0.61 ug/mg creatinine
Mandelate + Phenylglyoxylate are Styrene metabolites.
Sources of exposure:
- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.
- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.
- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.
- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
Mandelic acid is the major metabolite of styrene. Styrene (vinylbenzene) is used as an intermediate in plastic synthesis. Values less than 5 mg/L are due to normal metabolism of phenylalanine or tyrosine.
