Mandelate

Urine
Optimal Result: 0 - 0.34 ug/mg creatinine.

Mandelate is a Styrene metabolite.

Sources of exposure:

- Raw materials (benzene and ethylene) for the manufacture of styrene are supplied primarily from the petroleum industry.

- Used in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, synthetic latex, polyesters, and plastic products.

- Automotive emissions, tobacco smoke, released from building materials, carpet backing. Low-level exposure may occure through ingestion of food products packaged in polystyrene containers.

- Packaging materials, toys, hobbies, crafts, house wares and appliances, electrical and thermal insulation, fiberglass, pipes, automobile parts, foam cups.

- Emissions from styrene production and disposal procedures - chemical spills, landfill sites and industrial discharges.

- Occupational Exposure: industries and operations concerned with the fabrication and application of plastics - styrene/polystyrene manufacturing plants, resin manufacturers, synthetic rubber plants, boats and automobile plants, laminators.

Effects:

- Depression of the central nervous system.

- Dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, impared balance, manual dexterity and reaction time, difficulty concentrating.

- Irritation of mucous membranes, dermatitis, nausea, fatigue.

- Genotoxic.

Metabolism:

Styrene is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P-450 dependent multifunction oxidase enzymes, into its epoxide derivatives. The major metabolic pathway involves the sequential oxidation to mandelic and phylglyoxylic acids. Styrene oxides are also conjugated with glutathione.

Styrene and its metabolites accumulate in lipid depots. Its slow elimination suggests the possibility for bioaccumulation from chronic exposure.

The sum of the metabolites, mandelate and phylglyoxylate exhibit a higher correlation ratio than the separate levels of the analytes.

What does it mean if your Mandelate result is too high?

Elevated levels of mandelate can be indicative of potential exposure to styrene or styrene-containing compounds. Mandelate is a metabolite that forms as a result of the body's attempt to detoxify and eliminate styrene, which is a chemical commonly used in the production of plastics, rubber, and various consumer products.

Styrene exposure can occur in occupational settings, such as manufacturing and construction, as well as through contact with styrene-containing materials in everyday life. Chronic or significant exposure to styrene may lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, irritation of the eyes and skin, and, in some cases, neurological symptoms.

Elevated mandelate levels do not provide a definitive diagnosis of toxicity or health effects but serve as an indicator of potential exposure. Further clinical evaluation and investigation, including a detailed exposure history and possibly additional tests, are necessary to confirm exposure and assess its impact on an individual's health.

If an individual has elevated mandelate levels and suspects exposure to styrene, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional or toxicologist for a comprehensive assessment, diagnosis, and recommendations for reducing exposure and managing any potential health risks associated with styrene exposure.

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