Strongyloides spp refers to a genus of roundworms responsible for strongyloidiasis, a parasitic infection that can range from asymptomatic to severe, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. This parasite primarily infects humans through skin contact with soil contaminated by infective larvae.

Once inside the body, the larvae migrate to the intestines, where they mature into adults and reproduce. The unique lifecycle of Strongyloides allows it to replicate within the host, potentially causing chronic infections that can last for decades. In mild cases, the infection may cause abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and rash at the site of entry. However, in immunocompromised patients or when the parasite load is high, it can lead to serious complications, including malabsorption, severe GI symptoms, and in rare cases, hyperinfection syndrome, which is potentially fatal. The detection of Strongyloides spp. in a GI panel is crucial for the timely initiation of appropriate antiparasitic treatment, typically involving medications to eradicate the infection and prevent complications. This marker's identification also underscores the importance of hygiene and sanitation measures in preventing soil-transmitted helminth infections.

Strongyloides infects the duodenum and jejunum, but its life cycle also includes migration through the lungs. Infection occurs when larvae
penetrate the skin of humans or are passed via the fecal-oral route. Strongyloidiasis is endemic throughout the tropics and subtropics, including rural areas of the southern USA. More than half of infected persons are asymptomatic. Acute symptoms of strongyloidiasis may include epigastric pain and tenderness, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and weight loss. Chronic infection may lead to glucose malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathy.

Strontium incorporates into hydroxyl crystal lattice of bone, stimulates new cortical and cancellous bone formation, and decreases bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity. There are a number of stable isotopes of strontium, including 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr. Radioactive strontium, 90Sr, is a nuclear waste product and a human carcinogen. Serum strontium levels have been evaluated during therapy to establish GI absorption. Strontium has been shown to concentrate in hair with increased environmental exposure. Like calcium and magnesium, strontium is deposited in bone. Conversely, it is mobilized from bone when blood calcium levels fall. 

Strontium is found in fish, grains, leafy vegetables, dairy, soil, water, air, and isalso used in the manufacturingof televisions, fireworks, paints, glass, ceramics, fluorescent lights, medicines, magnets.

Vitamin D, calcium, and protein reduces the absorption of Strontium. It is eliminated mainly through urine.

Strontium is considered a trace mineral that is similar to calcium, accumulates in bone and is involved in bone metabolism. Stronitum promotes calcium uptake into the bone and has been used as a prescription drug in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Strontium in a hair analysis can provide valuable information about an individual's body burden of strontium and its correlation with calcium levels in body tissues. Strontium levels in hair can be influenced by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) sources. Endogenous sources of strontium in hair originate from the body's strontium pools within blood and bones, while exogenous sources represent external environmental influences from aerosols, particulates, and environmental waters.

Strontium in a hair analysis can provide valuable information about an individual's body burden of strontium and its correlation with calcium levels in body tissues. Strontium levels in hair can be influenced by both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) sources. Endogenous sources of strontium in hair originate from the body's strontium pools within blood and bones, while exogenous sources represent external environmental influences from aerosols, particulates, and environmental waters.

Struvite is the crystal name for stones that form only in the presence of urease-producing bacteria (eg, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Corynebacterium species, Ureaplasma urealyticum) in the upper urinary tract.

Other names for this crystal type include "triple phosphate" and magnesium ammonium phosphate carbonate apatite. Struvite is found in approximately 1 percent of stones and is much more common in females than in males (due to the higher risk of urinary tract infections in females). 

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberate, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle.80 When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Suberic Acid, Adipate, and Ethylmalonate elevations can indicate that you may need additional carnitine and/or vitamin B2 to assist your cells in converting fats into energy efficiently.

Dietary fatty acids are metabolized into fuel sources using beta-oxidation. Fatty acid conversion into Acetyl-CoA requires transport across the mitochondrial membrane via the carnitine shuttle. When beta-oxidation is impaired, fats are metabolized using an alternate pathway called omega-oxidation. Omega-oxidation results in elevated levels of dicarboxylic acids such as adipic acid and suberic acid. Impaired beta-oxidation occurs in carnitine deficiency or enzymatic dysfunction due to lack of nutrient cofactors. Vitamin B2 and magnesium play a role in optimizing beta-oxidation.

Suberic acid is an important organic compound that can be measured to gain insights into metabolic processes within the body. It is a dicarboxylic acid, meaning it has two carboxyl groups (-COOH) at each end of its molecular structure. This compound is naturally produced during the breakdown of fatty acids, specifically through a process called beta-oxidation. Elevated levels of suberic acid in the body can indicate issues with fatty acid metabolism, which may be due to a deficiency in specific nutrients like carnitine, necessary for transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are broken down for energy. Additionally, high suberic acid levels might suggest mitochondrial dysfunction, where the energy-producing organelles in cells are not working efficiently. This can result from various factors, including genetic conditions, nutrient deficiencies, or environmental toxins. Monitoring suberic acid levels can thus be a valuable tool for identifying metabolic imbalances and guiding nutritional and therapeutic interventions to restore optimal metabolic function.