Studies have shown that the ratio of apolipoprotein A-1:apolipoprotein B may correlate better with increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) than total cholesterol, and LDL:HDL ratio.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of fats (lipids) in the body. It is primarily involved in transporting cholesterol and other lipids through the bloodstream to be used, stored, or eliminated. APOE is a key component of lipoproteins, which are molecules that carry cholesterol and fats to and from cells.

APOE is also known for its genetic variations, which can influence cholesterol levels, cardiovascular health, and even neurological function. However, in lab tests, the focus is usually on APOE levels in the blood, which may indicate how effectively the body manages lipid metabolism.

Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is a building block of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These related molecules all transport fats and cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, watery liquid that flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. CSF testing is performed to evaluate the level or concentration of different substances and cells in CSF in order to diagnose conditions affecting the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).

The appearance of the sample of CSF is usually compared to a sample of water.

Normal joints contain a small volume of synovial fluid that is highly viscous, clear, and essentially acellular.

Clarity: Increased opacity of the fluid is usually due to abnormally large numbers of nucleated or red blood cells (RBCs). However, translucent or even opaque fluid may be the result of acellular material. Examples include lipids in fat necrosis, chyle droplets, or innumerable monosodium urate (MSU) crystals aspirated from gouty tophi.

Urine appearance can serve as an essential indicator of an individual's health status. Normal urine is typically clear and pale yellow in color, indicating proper hydration and the absence of significant health issues. However, various factors can influence urine appearance, such as hydration levels, diet, medications, and certain medical conditions.

Semen is typically whitish-gray with a jelly-like texture, but it can fluctuate with different lifestyle changes. Unless you’re experiencing other symptoms, temporary changes in the color of your semen usually aren’t a cause for concern.

If your semen is a different color than usual, take a few moments to scan your body for other changes.

Semen that’s tinged with yellow, green, pink, red, orange, or brown isn’t ideal, but it may not be cause for concern unless it’s accompanied by other unusual symptoms.

Genital soreness, itching, or burning could point to an underlying infection or other condition. When it comes to consistency, semen that’s thicker than usual could be a sign of dehydration.

- Evaluate for consumption of foods and pharmaceuticals that contain arabinitol.

- Because a common substrate for the production of arabinitol in the body is glucose, reduced intake of dietary sugars is a key therapeutic area for elevated arabinitol.

- Urinary arabinitol has been noted as a marker for invasive candidiasis or infection by Candida fungal species, though other genera are capable of production.

- Microbiome analysis is a reasonable next step if high levels of arabinitol are found in the urine. Treatment of an imbalanced microbiome can help reduce the overgrowth of pathogenic species that have been found to produce arabinitol.

Breakdown product of hyaluronic acid; also found in certain foods.

Breakdown product of hyaluronic acid; also found in certain foods.

Breakdown product of hyaluronic acid; also found in certain foods.

Produced by action of Candida hyaluronidase on the intercellular cement, hyaluronic acid. Oxidation of the hyaluronic acid breakdown by white blood cell hypochlorite produces tartaric acid and arabinose. Antifungal treatment and high-potency, multi-strain probiotics may help rebalance GI flora.

Breakdown product of hyaluronic acid; also found in certain foods.

Produced by action of Candida hyaluronidase on the intercellular cement, hyaluronic acid. Oxidation of the hyaluronic acid breakdown by white blood cell hypochlorite produces tartaric acid and arabinose. Antifungal treatment and high-potency, multi-strain probiotics may help rebalance GI flora.