Labcorp

The Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes test offered by Labcorp is a diagnostic assay used to measure and differentiate the sources of elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in the blood. This test is essential for identifying whether the elevation is due to liver, bone, or intestinal conditions. Test Overview Methodology: Electrophoresis Specimen Required: Serum (1.6 mL; minimum 0.8 mL) Collection Container: Red-top or gel-barrier tube Stability: Room temperature: 7 days Refrigerated: 7 days Frozen: 3 months Turnaround Time: 3–5 days Patient Preparation: Fasting overnight is recommended, as eating, especially a fatty meal, may elevate intestinal ALP levels. Isoenzyme Fractions and Reference Ranges The test measures three ALP isoenzymes: Liver Isoenzyme Males: 13% to 88% (depending on age) Females: 18% to 85% (depending on age) Bone Isoenzyme Males: 12% to 68% (depending on age) Females: 14% to 68% (depending on age) Intestinal Isoenzyme Males and Females: 0% to 18% (depending on age) Clinical Applications Liver Disorders: Elevated liver ALP may suggest conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct obstruction. Bone Diseases: Increased bone ALP levels are linked to diseases like Paget's disease, osteomalacia, or bone metastases. Intestinal Conditions: Elevated intestinal ALP can occur after a fatty meal, especially in individuals with specific blood types. Important Notes Specimen Requirements: Only serum samples are accepted; plasma or samples collected in EDTA, oxalate, or citrate tubes are unsuitable. Test Interpretation: The results should be evaluated alongside other clinical data to determine the cause of elevated ALP levels.

Detect possible allergic responses to various substances in the environment and evaluate for hay fever, asthma, atopic eczema, and respiratory allergy. The quantitative allergen-specific IgE test is indicated (1) to determine whether an individual has elevated allergen-specific IgE antibodies; (2) if specific allergic sensitivity is needed to allow immunotherapy to be initiated; (3) when testing individuals for agents that may potentially cause anaphylaxis; (4) when evaluating individuals who are taking medication (eg, long-acting antihistamines) that may interfere with other testing modalities (eg, skin testing); (5) if immunotherapy or other therapeutic measures based on skin testing results have not led to a satisfactory remission of symptoms; (6) when an individual is unresponsive to medical management where identification of offending allergens may be beneficial.

Diagnosis and monitoring of inherited aminoacidurias, organic acidurias, and urea cycle defects. May be used as a follow-up confirmatory test to some abnormal newborn screen results. False-negative results can occur, especially when a patient is affected with a mild or intermittent variant of a disorder or when clinical condition or dietary treatment causes secondary changes to the profile. Results of amino acid profiling should be interpreted in the context of clinical presentation, as well as other laboratory tests. Frozen serum may be diagnostic, however, certain amino acids may be falsely elevated or low.

Amino acids are organic compounds that play an important role in properly digesting food, creating usable energy, maintaining health and functioning normally. This panel can help discover deficiencies in amino acids by testing for amino acids. Urine represents a convenient biofluid for metabolomic studies due to its noninvasive collection and richness in metabolites. Here, amino acids are valuable biomarkers for their ability to reflect imbalances of different biochemical pathways. Amino acid analysis aids in the identification of dietary protein adequacy and amino acid balance, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, forms of protein intolerance, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, renal and hepatic dysfunction, psychiatric abnormalities, susceptibility to inflammatory response and oxidative stress, reduced detoxification capacity and many other inherent and acquired disorders in AA metabolism. Plasma is traditionally used to assess the status of essential AA while urine analysis provides more information regarding AA wasting and aberrant metabolism associated with co-factor insufficiencies. Useful for: ADD/ADHD Autism Spectrum Disorders Cardiovascular Disease Depression and Anxiety Digestive Disorders Epilepsy Fatigue Hypertension Infertility Insomnia Kidney Function Nutritional Deficiencies Rheumatoid Arthritis Many individuals have "hidden" impairments in amino acid metabolism that are problematic and often go undiagnosed. These impairments may or may not be expressed as specific symptoms. They may silently increase susceptibility to a degenerative disease or they may be associated with, but not causative for, a disease. Because of the wealth of information provided, it is suggested that a complete amino acid analysis be performed whenever thorough nutritional testing and a metabolic workup is called for. Amino acid analysis provides fundamental information about nutrient adequacy, including the quality and quantity of dietary protein, digestive disorders, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies - particularly folic acid, B12, B6 metabolism, zinc and magnesium. In addition, amino acid analysis provides important diagnostic information about hepatic and renal function, availability of precursors of neurotransmitters, detoxification capacity, susceptibility to occlusive arterial disease (homocystine), and many inherent disorders in amino acid metabolism. Plasma vs. Urine Analysis: Plasma is traditionally used to assess the status of essential AA while urine analysis provides more information regarding AA wasting and aberrant metabolism associated with co-factor insufficiencies. Plasma amino acid nutritional testing measures what is being transported at the time of sampling. The specimen should be collected after an overnight fast to reduce the influence of dietary protein. Abnormalities are deduced by comparison of measured levels with an established reference range.

ANA 12 Plus Profile is reflexive and consists of the following: Anti-Nuclear Ab (ANA) If positive, reflexes to following 14 components: - Anti-Cardiolipin Ab (IgG, IgA and IgM Isotypes) - Anti-Centromere Ab - Anti-Chromatin Ab - Anti-dsDNA Ab by Farr - Anti-La (SS-B) Ab - Anti-Ro (SS-A) Ab - Anti-Scl-70 Ab - Anti-Sm - Anti-TPO (Thyroid Microsomal Peroxidase) Ab - Anti-U1 RNP - C3 Complement - C4 Complement - Rheumatoid Factor by Turb - Anti-CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide) Ab. If ANA is positive, all tests listed are performed. If ANA is negative, an Anti-Ro (SS-A) Ab test is performed to catch the small percentage of ANA false negative results. ANA includes titer and pattern.

The Antinuclear Ab 9 by Multiplex Test includes: Anticentromere B antibodies; anti-dsDNA; antichromatin antibodies; anti-Jo-1; RNP antibodies; antiscleroderma 70 antibodies; Smith antibodies; Sjögren anti-SS-A; Sjögren anti-SS-B This panel is to detect antibodies associated with SLE and mixed connective tissue disease. Anti-Sm is highly specific for SLE. Anti-RNP is found with a variety of rheumatoid diseases. RNP, Sm, SS-A, SS-B, Scl-70, and Jo-1 are extractable nucleoprotein complexes found in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of substrate cells.

This profile helps differentiate between Autoimmune Hepatitis type 1 and 2.

The Autoimmune Neuromuscular Profile offered by LabCorp is a comprehensive diagnostic panel designed to detect autoantibodies associated with various autoimmune neuromuscular disorders and to evaluate the presence of four markers related to autoimmune neuromuscular disorders, the test includes Anti-cN-1A Ab for Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM), Anti-HMGCR Ab, Anti-Jo-1 Ab, and Anti-SRP Ab.

The Bile Acids, Fractionated LC-MS test offered by Labcorp is a specialized diagnostic assay that utilizes liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to measure and profile various bile acids in a patient's biological sample, typically serum or plasma. This test is primarily used to assess liver function, diagnose cholestasis, and monitor metabolic disorders related to bile acid synthesis and transport. Key Features of the Test Advanced Analytical Technique: LC-MS provides high specificity and sensitivity, enabling the detection of both primary and secondary bile acids, as well as conjugated and unconjugated forms. Comprehensive Profiling: The test measures a broad spectrum of bile acids, including but not limited to cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and ursodeoxycholic acid. Clinical Applications: Evaluation of cholestatic liver diseases such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Assessment of inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. Monitoring of patients undergoing bile acid sequestrant therapy. Investigation of unexplained liver enzyme elevations. Interpretation of Results: The test results are typically interpreted by healthcare providers in conjunction with clinical findings and other laboratory tests to provide a comprehensive understanding of the patient's condition.

A Complete Blood Count (CBC) blood test measures the number, size, and characteristics of the cells circulating in your blood. It is one of the most commonly ordered laboratory tests and provides important information about overall health. Doctors use CBC results to evaluate: red blood cells that carry oxygen white blood cells that fight infection platelets that help blood clot Understanding your CBC results and normal ranges can help identify conditions such as anemia, infection, inflammation, immune disorders, and certain blood disorders. This guide explains how to read CBC blood test results, what the normal ranges are, and what high or low values may mean. Reviewed by HealthMatters Editorial Team · Last updated February 2026 What Is a CBC Blood Test? A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a routine blood test that evaluates the number and characteristics of the different cells in your blood. The CBC provides insight into several important biological functions, including: oxygen delivery to tissues immune system activity blood clotting ability bone marrow health Because blood cells respond to many diseases and physiological changes, the CBC blood test is often one of the first tests doctors order when symptoms are unclear. It is commonly used during: annual health exams evaluation of fatigue or weakness investigation of infection or inflammation monitoring of chronic disease pre-surgical testing CBC Blood Test Biomarkers A Complete Blood Count evaluates several biomarkers related to red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Biomarker What it Measures White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Total immune cell count Neutrophils White blood cells that fight bacterial infection Lymphocytes Immune cells that respond to viral infection Monocytes White blood cells involved in inflammation and tissue repair Eosinophils Cells associated with allergies and parasitic infections Basophils Cells involved in allergic and inflammatory responses Immature Granulocytes Early-stage white blood cells Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) Total number of oxygen-carrying cells Hemoglobin Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Hematocrit Percentage of blood composed of red blood cells MCV Average size of red blood cells MCH Hemoglobin amount per red blood cell MCHC Hemoglobin concentration within red blood cells RDW Variation in red blood cell size Platelet Count Blood clotting cells MPV Average platelet size Doctors interpret CBC biomarkers together, rather than individually, to identify patterns that may indicate specific health conditions. CBC Blood Test Markers Explained A Complete Blood Count includes several biomarkers that help doctors evaluate oxygen transport, immune system activity, and blood clotting. Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Low hemoglobin commonly indicates anemia, while high levels may occur with dehydration, lung disease, or certain blood disorders. White Blood Cell Count (WBC) The white blood cell count measures the number of immune cells circulating in the bloodstream. Elevated levels often suggest infection or inflammation, while low levels may occur with viral illness, medication effects, or bone marrow suppression. Hematocrit Hematocrit measures the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells. It is typically interpreted alongside hemoglobin when evaluating anemia, dehydration, or other blood disorders. MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) MCV measures the average size of red blood cells. Doctors use MCV to classify anemia into categories such as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic anemia, which helps identify potential causes. MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin) MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin inside each red blood cell. Abnormal values often appear alongside changes in MCV and MCHC and help provide additional insight when evaluating anemia. MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration) MCHC measures how concentrated hemoglobin is within red blood cells. Low MCHC is commonly associated with iron deficiency anemia, while higher levels may occur in rare red blood cell disorders. RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) RDW measures variation in red blood cell size. Elevated RDW may indicate iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, or mixed types of anemia where red blood cells vary significantly in size. Platelet Count Platelets are small cell fragments that help blood clot and prevent excessive bleeding. Abnormal platelet counts may increase bleeding risk or indicate inflammation, infection, or bone marrow disorders. Immature Granulocytes Immature granulocytes are early-stage white blood cells normally found in bone marrow. Their presence in circulating blood may indicate infection, inflammation, severe physiological stress, or bone marrow activation. How to Read CBC Blood Test Results Doctors rarely interpret CBC numbers individually. Instead, they evaluate patterns across multiple biomarkers. Step 1: Review Hemoglobin Low hemoglobin often suggests anemia, blood loss, or nutrient deficiency. Step 2: Evaluate MCV Low MCV may suggest iron deficiency. High MCV may indicate vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, liver disease, or alcohol use. Step 3: Examine RDW Elevated RDW may indicate developing or mixed anemia. Step 4: Check White Blood Cell Count High WBC counts may suggest infection or inflammation. Low WBC counts may occur with viral infections, medications, autoimmune disease, or bone marrow suppression. Step 5: Evaluate Platelets Very high or very low platelet counts may require further medical evaluation. Normal CBC Blood Test Ranges (Adults) Marker Typical Range WBC 4,500 – 11,000 cells/µL RBC 4.0 – 5.5 million/µL Hemoglobin 12 – 17.5 g/dL Hematocrit 36 – 50% MCV 80 – 100 fL MCH 26 – 33 pg MCHC 32 – 36 g/dL RDW 11.5 – 14.5% Platelets 150,000 – 400,000/µL Reference ranges may vary slightly between laboratories. Why Doctors Order a CBC Doctors commonly order a CBC to: evaluate fatigue or weakness investigate infection or inflammation monitor chronic disease screen during routine health exams assess bleeding or clotting disorders Because blood cells respond to many diseases, a CBC often serves as a starting point for diagnosing unexplained symptoms. Key Takeaway A Complete Blood Count (CBC) blood test provides a broad overview of blood health. It helps detect anemia, infection, inflammation, immune disorders, and other medical conditions. CBC results are most useful when interpreted together and in clinical context, rather than focusing on a single number. Understanding how CBC biomarkers interact can help you better interpret your blood test results and know when further medical evaluation may be needed.

A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) measures 14 markers of blood sugar, kidney function, liver health, electrolytes and protein. This page explains what your results mean. Key Takeaways A Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) measures 14 biomarkers that evaluate blood sugar, kidney function, liver health, electrolytes, and protein levels. Typical adult ranges include glucose ~70–99 mg/dL, creatinine ~0.6–1.3 mg/dL, sodium 135–145 mmol/L, and ALT ~7–56 U/L, although ranges vary slightly by laboratory. High CMP values may indicate dehydration, kidney disease, liver dysfunction, diabetes, or electrolyte imbalance. Low values may occur with malnutrition, overhydration, medication effects, or hormonal disorders. Doctors interpret patterns across the entire panel, not individual numbers in isolation. What Is a CMP Blood Test? A Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests. It evaluates multiple aspects of metabolic and organ health by measuring markers related to blood sugar, kidney function, liver health, electrolytes, and protein balance. Doctors frequently order a CMP during: routine annual physical exams hospital evaluations pre-surgery screenings chronic disease monitoring medication safety checks Because it evaluates several body systems at once, a CMP often provides the first clues about metabolic or organ dysfunction. What Does a CMP Measure? A CMP includes biomarkers that can be grouped into several physiological systems. Blood Sugar Glucose Glucose measures the amount of sugar circulating in the bloodstream and helps screen for prediabetes, diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction. Kidney Function Markers These markers evaluate how effectively the kidneys filter waste products from the blood. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Creatinine Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) BUN/Creatinine Ratio Abnormal values may suggest dehydration, kidney dysfunction, reduced kidney filtration, or metabolic stress. Electrolytes and Fluid Balance Electrolytes help regulate hydration, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and blood pH. Sodium Potassium Chloride Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Electrolyte abnormalities may occur with dehydration, kidney disease, endocrine disorders, or medication effects. Protein and Nutritional Markers These markers provide insight into liver function, inflammation, and nutritional status. Total Protein Albumin Globulin Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G Ratio) Changes may reflect liver disease, inflammation, immune disorders, or protein loss. Liver and Biliary Markers These enzymes help detect liver cell injury or problems with bile flow. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Total Bilirubin Elevated liver enzymes may occur with fatty liver disease, hepatitis, alcohol-related liver injury, medication effects, or bile duct obstruction. Calcium Calcium Calcium supports bone health, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and hormone regulation. CMP Blood Test Markers Explained Marker What it evaluates Glucose Blood sugar regulation Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Waste product removal and kidney health Creatinine Kidney filtration efficiency eGFR Estimated kidney filtration capacity BUN/Creatinine Ratio Hydration and kidney function context Sodium Fluid balance and nerve function Potassium Heart rhythm and muscle function Chloride Fluid balance and acid-base regulation CO₂ (Bicarbonate) Blood pH balance Calcium Bone and muscle health Total Protein Overall protein status Albumin Liver synthetic function and nutrition Globulin Immune system proteins Albumin/Globulin Ratio Balance between albumin and globulin Bilirubin Red blood cell breakdown and bile flow Alkaline Phosphatase Liver or bone enzyme activity AST Liver or muscle injury marker ALT Liver cell injury marker Typical CMP Reference Ranges (Adults) Reference ranges vary slightly by laboratory. Marker Typical Range Glucose 70–99 mg/dL (fasting) BUN 7–20 mg/dL Creatinine ~0.6–1.3 mg/dL eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73m² Sodium 135–145 mmol/L Potassium 3.5–5.1 mmol/L Chloride 98–107 mmol/L CO₂ 22–29 mmol/L Calcium 8.5–10.5 mg/dL Albumin 3.5–5.0 g/dL Total Protein 6.0–8.3 g/dL Bilirubin 0.1–1.2 mg/dL ALT ~7–56 U/L AST ~10–40 U/L CMP vs Other Blood Tests Test What It Measures When It's Ordered CMP Glucose, kidney markers, liver enzymes, electrolytes, proteins Routine screening, metabolic evaluation BMP Glucose, kidney markers, electrolytes ER visits, hydration checks CBC Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Infection, anemia Lipid Panel Cholesterol and triglycerides Cardiovascular risk screening Why Doctors Order a CMP Doctors commonly order a CMP to: evaluate unexplained symptoms monitor chronic diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease assess liver function detect electrolyte imbalances monitor medication safety Medications That Can Affect CMP Results Certain medications may influence CMP markers. Examples include: Diuretics (affect sodium, potassium, BUN) ACE inhibitors / ARBs (may increase potassium or creatinine) Statins (may elevate liver enzymes) Steroids (increase glucose) NSAIDs (may affect kidney markers) Always inform your healthcare provider about medications and supplements before interpreting results. What High CMP Results May Mean Elevated CMP markers may occur with: dehydration kidney dysfunction liver inflammation or injury diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism electrolyte imbalance bile duct obstruction Interpretation depends on patterns across multiple biomarkers rather than a single abnormal result. What Low CMP Results May Mean Low CMP values may be associated with: malnutrition overhydration chronic disease hormonal disorders medication effects Small variations are common and may be temporary. What Should You Do if Your CMP Is Abnormal? Step 1: Do not panic Mild abnormalities are common and often temporary. Step 2: Check if you were fasting Eating before the test may affect glucose and metabolic markers. Step 3: Review results with your doctor Interpretation requires your medical history, medications, and symptoms. Step 4: Consider retesting Doctors often repeat abnormal results within 1–3 months. Step 5: Track trends over time Monitoring trends across multiple tests helps identify long-term changes. CMP Results That May Require Urgent Medical Evaluation Urgent evaluation may be needed when results are severely abnormal. Examples include: Glucose <50 mg/dL or >400 mg/dL Potassium <3.0 or >6.0 mmol/L Creatinine rapidly doubling Bilirubin >3 mg/dL with jaundice Sodium <120 or >155 mmol/L These results may indicate serious metabolic disturbances. Frequently Asked Questions What does a CMP blood test check for? A CMP evaluates blood sugar, kidney function, liver health, electrolyte balance, and protein levels. Do you need to fast for a CMP? Many clinicians recommend fasting because glucose interpretation is more accurate. Can a CMP detect liver disease? A CMP can reveal patterns suggesting liver injury, but additional tests are usually needed for diagnosis. Can a CMP detect kidney disease? Yes. Markers such as creatinine and eGFR help evaluate kidney filtration. Key Takeaway A Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) provides a broad overview of metabolic and organ health. Doctors interpret patterns across multiple biomarkers to evaluate blood sugar regulation, kidney function, liver health, electrolyte balance, and protein status.

The Connective Tissue Disease Cascade panel is an advanced diagnostic tool used for the detection and evaluation of autoimmune connective tissue diseases. This comprehensive panel includes a series of tests that identify specific antibodies commonly associated with these disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. By analyzing antibodies like ANA (Antinuclear Antibody), dsDNA, Smith antibodies, and others, the panel provides crucial information about the presence and type of autoimmune connective tissue disease a patient may have. This aids in early diagnosis, which is essential for effective management and treatment. The panel is particularly useful in cases where symptoms are unclear or overlap with multiple conditions, offering a detailed immunological profile that guides clinicians in their diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. The Connective Tissue Disease Cascade panel is thus a vital resource in the field of rheumatology and autoimmune diagnostics, helping to tailor patient care more effectively.

The Coxsackie Antibody, IgG test is used to detect antibodies against the Coxsackie virus in the blood. This condition is most common in children under the age of five, and it can cause Hand, Foot, and Mouth disease. Coxsackieviruses are part of the enterovirus family of viruses (which also includes polioviruses and hepatitis A virus) that can live in the human digestive tract. In most cases, coxsackievirus infections cause mild flu-like symptoms and go away without treatment. But in some cases, they can lead to more serious infections. The viruses can spread from person to person, usually on unwashed hands and surfaces contaminated by feces, where they can live for several days.

The Coxsackie A gM Antibody panel is a diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of antibodies against the Coxsackie A virus, a significant member of the Enterovirus family. This panel differentiates between IgG and IgM antibodies, providing crucial insights into the timing and stage of the infection. IgM antibodies typically indicate a recent or ongoing infection, as they are the first antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. In contrast, IgG antibodies develop later and can indicate a past infection or a more mature immune response. This test is especially important in diagnosing conditions caused by Coxsackie A virus, such as hand, foot, and mouth disease, herpangina, and various other systemic illnesses. Accurate identification through this antibody panel aids in appropriate clinical management and understanding of the patient's immune status regarding Coxsackie A virus exposure.

This test is used to aid in diagnosing Coxsackie virus infection. Coxsackie B viruses cause a wide variety of illnesses, including pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), meningitis, rash, pulmonary infection and a generalized systemic infection. The Coxsackie B Virus Antibodies panel is a critical diagnostic tool used for detecting antibodies against the Coxsackie B virus, a key pathogen within the Enterovirus genus. This panel specifically tests for the presence of antibodies to several serotypes of the Coxsackie B virus, typically Coxsackie B1 through B6. The presence of these antibodies in a patient's blood can indicate either a current or past infection. Coxsackie B viruses are known to cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild syndromes like fever, pleurodynia, and herpangina, to more severe conditions such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and meningitis. In some cases, they are also implicated in the development of chronic diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy and diabetes. The Coxsackie B Virus Antibodies panel is essential for diagnosing these infections accurately, guiding appropriate clinical treatment, and understanding the epidemiology of these viruses. This panel plays a crucial role in public health monitoring and individual patient care, especially in cases of unexplained cardiac or neurological symptoms.

The "Heavy Metals Profile I, Blood" panel offered by LabCorp is a comprehensive diagnostic tool designed to assess exposure to several significant heavy metals. This test typically includes the analysis of blood levels of metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic. These metals are known for their potential toxicity and adverse health effects when they accumulate in the body. Lead exposure, for instance, can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive system and is especially harmful to children, causing developmental delays and learning difficulties. Mercury exposure can lead to neurological and behavioral disorders and is particularly dangerous for pregnant women due to its potential effects on fetal development. Cadmium, often found in industrial workplaces, can cause kidney damage and is a known carcinogen, while arsenic exposure, which can occur through contaminated water, food, or industrial processes, is linked to skin lesions, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. This test is crucial for individuals who might have been exposed to these metals through their occupation, environmental factors, or lifestyle choices. It aids healthcare providers in diagnosing potential heavy metal poisoning, monitoring exposure levels, and devising appropriate treatment strategies, including chelation therapy in severe cases. The "Heavy Metals Profile I, Blood" is an essential tool in occupational and environmental health, helping to safeguard individuals from the detrimental effects of these toxic substances and ensuring timely intervention to prevent long-term health consequences.

The Histamine Determination, Urine test measures the level of histamine eliminated through the urine, typically collected over a 24-hour period. Histamine is a biologically active compound stored primarily in mast cells and basophils, which are immune cells involved in inflammatory and allergic responses. When these cells are activated, histamine is released into surrounding tissues and the bloodstream, where it contributes to many classic allergy symptoms. Histamine plays several important roles in the body. It helps regulate immune responses, gastric acid secretion, and communication between nerve cells. However, when histamine is released excessively or cannot be properly broken down, it can lead to a variety of symptoms affecting multiple organ systems. After histamine is released and metabolized, a portion is excreted in urine. Measuring urinary histamine provides insight into how much histamine is being produced or released in the body over time. Because histamine levels in blood can fluctuate quickly, urinary testing can sometimes provide a more stable indicator of overall histamine activity. Healthcare providers may order this test when evaluating symptoms that suggest abnormal histamine release or metabolism. These symptoms may include: Recurrent flushing or skin redness Itching, hives, or unexplained allergic reactions Chronic headaches or migraines Nasal congestion or sinus symptoms Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, or bloating Rapid heart rate or low blood pressure episodes Sensitivity to certain foods, alcohol, or medications Elevated urinary histamine levels may be associated with conditions such as mast cell activation, allergic disorders, or histamine intolerance, a condition in which the body has difficulty breaking down histamine from foods or internal sources. In some cases, increased histamine can also be related to gastrointestinal inflammation, infections, or certain rare tumors that produce histamine. Interpretation of this test should always be considered alongside symptoms, medical history, and other laboratory findings. Additional markers—such as histamine metabolites, tryptase, or markers of mast cell activation—may be used to provide a more complete picture of histamine-related activity in the body. If urinary histamine levels are elevated, management strategies may involve identifying potential triggers, addressing underlying inflammatory conditions, or adjusting diet and medications. In some individuals, reducing histamine-rich foods, supporting histamine metabolism, or using antihistamine therapies may help improve symptoms. Understanding histamine activity through urine testing can help guide further evaluation and personalized treatment approaches for individuals experiencing chronic allergy-like or inflammatory symptoms.

The Allergen Profile, Mold (LabCorp) detects possible allergic responses to various substances in the environment and evaluates for hay fever, asthma, atopic eczema, and respiratory allergy.

This test is used for evaluating Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) associated with various autoimmune disorders such as Systemic Sclerosis (SS), Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIM), and ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (AAV). Identifying an underlying autoimmune condition in ILD patients is crucial for guiding therapeutic decisions and significantly influences prognosis.

LabCorp operates one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the world. Labcorp is a leading global life sciences company. With a mission to improve health and improve lives, Labcorp delivers world-class diagnostic solutions, brings innovative medicines to patients faster and uses technology to improve the delivery of care.

The Lupus Anticoagulant Comprehensive category includes specialized coagulation tests used to detect lupus anticoagulant activity, an immune-mediated clotting abnormality caused by antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus anticoagulants are antibodies that interfere with phospholipid-dependent clotting reactions in laboratory tests. Despite their name, they are associated with an increased risk of blood clots, not bleeding. Their presence is a defining feature of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and may also occur in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), other autoimmune diseases, infections, or transient immune activation. This category evaluates how antiphospholipid antibodies affect clotting pathways using functional coagulation assays, including dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based assays, confirmatory ratios, and phospholipid neutralization tests. These tests help distinguish lupus anticoagulant activity from factor deficiencies, anticoagulant medications, or other causes of prolonged clotting times. Lupus anticoagulant testing is commonly ordered in individuals with unexplained venous or arterial thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, prolonged clotting results, or suspected autoimmune-related clotting disorders. Because results can be affected by medications or acute illness, a comprehensive, multi-step testing approach improves diagnostic accuracy. Together, these biomarkers provide a structured assessment of immune-driven clotting risk, supporting diagnosis, risk stratification, and long-term management of antiphospholipid-related conditions.

Also known as: Lymphocyte Act. Profile; T cell count; CD4 count; lymphocyte subsets; TBNK; CD4/CD8 count; B cell count; CD19 count; CD20 count This test measures percentages and absolute numbers of lymphocytes, CD3 T cells, CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells and in lymphocyte subsets also B cells and NK cells. Lymphocytes in peripheral blood (circulation) are heterogeneous and can be broadly classified into T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. There are various subsets of each of these individual populations with specific cell-surface markers and function. This assay provides absolute and relative quantitation for the main categories of T cells, B cells, and NK cells. Each of these lymphocyte subpopulations have distinct effector and regulatory functions and are maintained in homeostasis under normal physiological conditions. Each of these lymphocyte subsets can be identified by a combination of one or more cell surface markers. The CD3 antigen is a pan-T-cell marker, and T cells can be further divided into 2 broad categories, based on the expression of CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. B cells can be identified by expression of CD19, while NK cells are typically identified by the coexpression of CD16 and CD56. The absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets are known to be influenced by a variety of biological factors, including hormones, the environment, and temperature. Abnormalities in the number and percent of T (CD3, CD4, CD8), B (CD19), and NK (CD16+CD56) lymphocytes have been described in a number of different disease conditions. In patients who are infected with HIV, the CD4 count is measured for AIDS diagnosis and for initiation of antiviral therapy. The progressive loss of CD4 T lymphocytes in patients infected with HIV is associated with increased infections and complications. The Public Health Service has recommended that all patients who are HIV-positive be tested every 3 to 6 months for the level of CD4 T lymphocytes. Lymphocyte subset quantitation is also very useful in the evaluation of patients with primary immunodeficiencies of all ages, including follow-up for newborn screening for severe combined immunodeficiency and immune monitoring following immunosuppressive therapy for transplantation, autoimmunity, or any other relevant clinical condition where immunomodulatory treatment is used. It is also helpful as a preliminary screening assay for gross quantitative anomalies in any lymphocyte subset, whether related to malignancies or infection.

What Is the Myasthenia Gravis Profile? The Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Profile is a blood test panel used to help diagnose myasthenia gravis, a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the connection between nerves and muscles. This condition causes muscle weakness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs, and symptoms often get worse with activity and improve with rest. The MG Profile looks for specific autoantibodies that interfere with normal muscle activation, helping doctors confirm or rule out the diagnosis. Why Is This Test Important? Myasthenia gravis can sometimes be difficult to diagnose based on symptoms alone, especially in its early stages. The MG Profile detects antibodies that are highly specific to this disease, enabling a more accurate diagnosis and helping guide treatment decisions. What Does the MG Profile Measure? The panel may include testing for one or more of the following antibodies: Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Antibodies The most common antibodies in MG, targeting receptors that help muscles receive nerve signals. Muscle-Specific Kinase (MuSK) Antibodies Found in a smaller subset of patients, particularly those who are AChR antibody-negative but still have MG symptoms. LRP4 Antibodies (optional or separate in some panels) Seen in some cases of MG not explained by AChR or MuSK antibodies. Who Should Get This Test? Your healthcare provider may order the MG Profile if you have symptoms such as: Drooping eyelids (ptosis) Double vision (diplopia) Slurred speech Difficulty swallowing Weakness in the arms, legs, or neck Muscle fatigue that worsens with activity What Do the Results Mean? Positive for AChR, MuSK, or LRP4 antibodies: This supports a diagnosis of autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Treatment with medications that improve nerve-muscle communication or suppress the immune system may be recommended. Negative result: A negative test does not completely rule out MG. Some individuals with classic symptoms may not have detectable antibodies. In such cases, your doctor may perform additional testing, such as EMG (electromyography) or a single-fiber EMG to assess nerve and muscle function directly. How Is the Test Performed? It’s a simple blood draw, usually done at a laboratory or medical office. No special preparation is needed. Summary The Myasthenia Gravis Profile is a crucial tool for diagnosing this rare autoimmune neuromuscular disease. By detecting antibodies that disrupt communication between nerves and muscles, it helps doctors identify MG early and begin appropriate treatment—potentially improving symptoms and quality of life.

Paraneoplastic Antibodies (Paraneoplastic Ab) What Are Paraneoplastic Antibodies? Paraneoplastic antibodies are a group of autoantibodies produced by the immune system in response to certain types of cancer (neoplasms). Instead of only attacking cancer cells, these antibodies may mistakenly target healthy nerve or brain tissue, leading to a set of conditions known as paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS). These antibodies serve as biomarkers—helping doctors detect the presence of an underlying tumor and explaining unexplained neurological symptoms. Why Are These Antibodies Important? Paraneoplastic antibodies can help: Identify a hidden (occult) cancer before it causes obvious symptoms Explain neurological symptoms that do not have a clear cause Support a diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, neuropathy, cerebellar degeneration, or myelopathy Guide cancer screening and neurologic workup Common Paraneoplastic Antibodies Include: Anti-Hu (ANNA-1) – often linked to small cell lung cancer Anti-Yo (PCA-1) – associated with breast or gynecologic cancers Anti-Ri (ANNA-2) – seen in breast and lung cancer CRMP5 (CV2), Ma2, Amphiphysin, and others Each antibody is associated with specific cancer types and neurological symptoms, and their detection helps narrow down the underlying cause. Who Should Be Tested? Your doctor may order a paraneoplastic antibody panel if you experience: Sudden or unexplained neurological symptoms (memory loss, seizures, balance problems) Progressive weakness or numbness Autoimmune encephalitis Neurological symptoms with a history or suspicion of cancer What Does a Positive Result Mean? A positive result suggests that your symptoms may be related to an autoimmune response to an underlying cancer. It does not confirm cancer, but it raises the suspicion and typically prompts additional testing (e.g., imaging, oncology referral). Some people with a positive result may not have cancer but still experience autoimmune neurologic symptoms. What Does a Negative Result Mean? A negative result means no known paraneoplastic antibodies were detected. However, this does not rule out all autoimmune conditions. If symptoms persist, more targeted antibody testing may be needed based on your clinical presentation. Summary The Paraneoplastic Antibodies category includes important tests that can help uncover hidden cancers and explain neurological symptoms caused by autoimmune reactions. These markers play a critical role in early diagnosis, guiding treatment, and improving outcomes for individuals with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.

Streptococcus Pneumoniae IgG Antibody Test This test measures IgG antibody levels to Streptococcus pneumoniae to evaluate how well a person has responded to pneumococcal vaccination. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacteria responsible for most cases of pneumonia, as well as other serious conditions like bronchitis, septicemia, and meningitis. Pneumonia is especially dangerous for young children, adults over 65, and individuals with weakened immune systems. There are several pneumococcal vaccines available, with the two most common being Prevnar13 (PCV13) and Pneumovax23 (PPSV23). PCV13 provides protection against 13 pneumococcal serotypes, while PPSV23 covers 23 serotypes. Depending on age and risk factors, a person may be recommended to receive one or both vaccines. After vaccination, this blood test helps verify if sufficient IgG antibody levels have been developed to protect against infection. Antibodies Tested in the PPSV23 Vaccine This test specifically measures antibodies to the 23 serotypes included in the PPSV23 vaccine, which are classified as: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F. It typically takes 3–4 weeks after vaccination for IgG antibodies to fully develop. Testing is usually ordered after vaccination to confirm adequate antibody levels for protection. It's important to review test results with a healthcare provider, as low antibody levels may not always be flagged on the report but could indicate insufficient immunity. Understanding Protection and Antibody Levels While the presence of antibodies suggests some level of immunity, the exact serologic correlates of protection against pneumococcal disease have not been rigorously established for all patient populations. Published data and expert consensus, including recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), suggest the following: Healthy children vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (e.g., PCV13) are generally considered protected against invasive pneumococcal disease when antibody levels reach ≥0.3–0.50 mcg/mL. Higher antibody levels may be needed for protection against non-invasive infections like pneumonia, otitis media, or sinusitis. For individuals vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (e.g., PPSV23) or those who are immunocompromised, a cutoff of ≥1.3 mcg/mL may be a more relevant benchmark for evaluating immune response. In addition to the quantity of antibodies, other factors such as antibody avidity (strength of binding to the antigen) and opsonophagocytic activity (ability of antibodies to promote bacterial clearance) contribute to protection. Post-Vaccine Response After vaccination, a 4–6 week period is typically needed to assess the immune response. A normal post-vaccine serologic response is often defined as either: IgG seroconversion or a 2- to 4-fold increase in IgG titers for at least 50%–70% of the vaccine serotypes. Key Considerations Low antibody levels: While low antibody levels may not necessarily be flagged on the report, they might not guarantee sufficient protection against pneumococcal infections. This is particularly critical for individuals with higher risk factors, such as those who are immunocompromised or have other underlying health conditions. Consult with your doctor: All test results should be interpreted in the context of clinical history and discussed with a healthcare professional to determine if further vaccination or other interventions are necessary. This test plays a vital role in ensuring the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination, especially for at-risk individuals, by identifying whether adequate protection has been achieved.

Urine porphyrins are useful for the evaluation of cutaneous (=relating to or affecting the skin) photosensitivity to exclude porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT). Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a part of a spectrum of diseases that arise as a result of abnormal enzymes in the biosynthesis of heme. It is caused by the deficiency of the uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (UROD) enzyme and should be differentiated from other porphyrias. Evaluation of neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms associated with acute porphyrias (=a group of rare disorders characterized by an enzymatic defect in the heme biosynthetic pathway), such as acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), requires urine porphobilinogen (PBG) testing.

A sputum culture test is a laboratory analysis used to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that may be causing a respiratory tract infection. The test involves collecting a sample of sputum (mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract) and cultivating it in a lab to see what types of microorganisms grow. This helps in diagnosing infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, or tuberculosis. The results guide healthcare providers in choosing the most effective treatment, particularly in selecting the right antibiotics if a bacterial infection is identified. The test is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of respiratory infections.

Sterols, Plasma (GC/MS) Panel The Sterols, Plasma panel is a specialized blood test that measures cholesterol-related sterols and plant sterols to help evaluate how your body absorbs cholesterol, produces cholesterol, and processes related sterol compounds. This test is commonly used when a standard lipid panel (like LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides) doesn’t fully explain cardiovascular risk, treatment response, or suspected inherited sterol disorders. Unlike routine cholesterol testing, this panel provides deeper insight into cholesterol metabolism, including markers of cholesterol synthesis, intestinal absorption, and plant sterol exposure. Results may help clinicians personalize strategies such as dietary changes, cholesterol-lowering medications, and evaluation for rare metabolic conditions. What this panel measures This panel typically includes multiple sterols that fall into key metabolic categories: Cholesterol absorption markers These sterols can reflect how much cholesterol your body absorbs from the gut. Higher levels may suggest increased absorption and may influence treatment decisions. Common absorption-related markers include: Campesterol Sitosterol Stigmasterol Cholestanol Cholesterol synthesis markers These sterols help estimate how much cholesterol your body is making internally (endogenous production). Elevated synthesis markers may be seen in people with increased hepatic cholesterol production. Common synthesis-related markers include: Lathosterol Desmosterol Squalene Specialized sterol intermediates Some sterols are included to screen for specific metabolic patterns and rare genetic conditions affecting cholesterol pathways. Examples include: 7-Dehydrocholesterol 8-Dehydrocholesterol 8(9)-Cholestenol DiHydro T-MAS Why this panel matters Cholesterol metabolism is not the same for everyone. Two people can have the same LDL-C but very different underlying biology, such as: One person primarily absorbs cholesterol efficiently Another person primarily produces more cholesterol internally The Sterols, Plasma panel helps clarify these differences, which may support more targeted decisions around: Dietary approaches (fat type, fiber, plant sterol intake) Medication selection (absorption-blocking vs synthesis-blocking strategies) Investigating unexplained lipid abnormalities Evaluating rare sterol disorders when clinical suspicion is high How to interpret results (high vs low) Sterol patterns are often more meaningful than any single value. If absorption markers are elevated This may suggest increased intestinal sterol absorption. Clinicians may consider dietary adjustments or therapies that reduce absorption depending on the full lipid profile and risk factors. If synthesis markers are elevated This may suggest increased cholesterol production. Some people with this pattern respond well to interventions that target cholesterol synthesis. If plant sterols are significantly elevated Markedly elevated plant sterols can raise suspicion for rare inherited conditions (such as disorders of sterol transport), especially when paired with premature cardiovascular disease or unusual lipid findings. If sterols are normal A normal sterol profile generally suggests cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers are within expected ranges, making major sterol metabolism disorders less likely. Who may benefit from this test The Sterols, Plasma panel may be helpful if you: Have high LDL-C despite a healthy lifestyle Have a strong family history of high cholesterol or early heart disease Are not responding as expected to cholesterol therapy Need deeper insight into cholesterol absorption vs production Have suspected rare sterol metabolism conditions Sample type and methodology This test is typically performed on a blood (plasma) sample and commonly analyzed using GC/MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry), a highly sensitive method for measuring sterol compounds at low concentrations. Next steps after testing Because sterol testing is more advanced than routine lipid testing, results are best interpreted alongside: LDL-C, ApoB, non-HDL-C Triglycerides and HDL-C Family history and cardiovascular risk Diet, medications, and supplements Thyroid and metabolic health markers (when relevant) Related tests and categories Lipid Panel ApoB (Apolipoprotein B) LDL Particle Number (LDL-P) Lp(a) Lipoprotein(a) Cardiometabolic Risk Markers Genetic Lipid Disorders (advanced evaluation)

The "T + B-Lymphocyte Differential" panel by Labcorp is a comprehensive test that involves flow cytometry methodology to evaluate different subsets of lymphocytes in the blood. This test includes the analysis of various lymphocyte types such as T cells (CD3+), B cells (CD19+), and natural killer (NK) cells (CD3^{-}CD56+). It provides detailed measurements like the percentage and absolute counts of these cells, as well as the CD4:CD8 ratio, which is crucial in assessing immune system health. Specifically, the test measures the percentages and absolute counts of CD3+ T cells, CD3+CD4+ helper/inducer cells, CD3+CD8+ suppressor/cytotoxic cells, CD19+ B cells, and CD3^{-}CD56+ NK cells. Additionally, it includes a complete blood count (CBC) with differential and platelet count. This panel is particularly useful in the classification and diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency diseases and in monitoring patients with AIDS. The test requires a whole blood specimen, collected in specific types of tubes, and it's important that the specimen is handled correctly to maintain its viability. The expected turnaround time for test results is generally between 1 to 3 days. However, additional time may be needed for confirmatory or reflex tests. The "T + B-Lymphocyte Differential" panel is significant for its role in understanding various conditions affecting the immune system, including evaluating and monitoring HIV infection. In HIV-1 infected patients, for instance, the test can provide valuable information about the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy, as it typically shows a decrease in CD4 T cells and an increase in CD8 T cells, along with a decrease in the CD4:CD8 ratio. This comprehensive approach to lymphocyte profiling is essential in contemporary clinical immunology, providing clinicians with detailed insights into the status and functioning of a patient's immune system.