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Optimal range: 0 - 20 Relative Abundance
Oscillospira is a common yet rarely cultivated gut bacterial genus. Recently human gut microbiota studies have demonstrated its underlying significance for host health.
Optimal range: 275 - 295 mOsm/kg
Osmolality measures the concentration of dissolved particles in a fluid, such as blood, urine, or stool, providing insights into the body’s water balance and kidney function. The osmolality test evaluates the concentration of key substances like sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, and urea. By assessing these levels, the test helps detect imbalances that may affect hydration, kidney health, and electrolyte status.
In blood osmolality, sodium plays a central role as the main electrolyte, working alongside potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate (CO2) to maintain electrical neutrality and acid-base balance in the body. Sodium intake through diet is typically regulated by the kidneys, which either conserve or excrete sodium to keep blood levels stable.
Optimal range: 50 - 1200 mOsm/kg
Osmolality (U), also known as urine osmolality, measures the concentration of dissolved particles, such as electrolytes, urea, and glucose, in urine. It provides insight into how well the kidneys are functioning and maintaining the body's fluid balance. By measuring urine osmolality, doctors can evaluate how the kidneys are responding to different conditions, such as dehydration or excessive fluid intake. This test is usually done by analyzing a urine sample, which helps determine the concentration of particles and offers important information about kidney health and the body's ability to regulate water and electrolytes.
Optimal range: 0.7 - 2 ELISA Index
Function:
A star-shaped cell, an osteocyte is an abundant cell found in compact bone. Cytoplasmic extensions, which occupy canals called canaliculi, network osteocytes. Canaliculi are used by osteocytes for the exchange of nutrients and waste through gap junctions. Osteocytes are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix, through various mechanisms. Through a mechanism called osteocytic osteolysis, osteocytes can destroy bone.
Antibodies Appear:
Osteoclastogenesis [4]
Osteopenia [3]
Osteoporosis [3]
Known Cross-Reactions:
Phosphatase I, [1] gliadin [5]
Clinical Significance:
Reference range: Low Probability of Osteoporosis, Additional Investigation, High Probability of Osteoporosis
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0 cfu/ml
LEARN MOREReference range: Not Detected, Detected
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 1.8 ELISA Index
ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH:
This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease
Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1
Hypogonadism
Premature Menopause
Premature Ovarian Failure
BODY TISSUE:
Reproductive
Optimal range: 0 - 78 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate.
In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid.
As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis.
Optimal range: 6.8 - 101 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.
Optimal range: 15 - 174 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.
Optimal range: 8.9 - 67 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.
Optimal range: 35 - 185 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.
Optimal range: 144.9 - 1749.5 nmol/mg Creatinine
Oxalic acid may be associated with dysbiosis from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, or high dose vitamin C. If yeast or fungal markers are elevated, antifungal therapy may reduces oxalates. Also associated with anti-freeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.
Optimal range: 0 - 78 Units
Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate. In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid. As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis. As mentioned previously, there are inborn errors of metabolism that cause elevated oxalic acid such as primary hyperoxaluria.
Optimal range: 0 - 78 mmol/mol creatinine
Oxalic acid is the metabolic end-product of the glyoxylase pathway and is derived from the oxidation of glyoxylate.
In the cell, the majority of glyoxylate is converted into glycine or glycolic acid. However, in some instances there may be greater oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalic acid. This leads to increased urinary excretion of oxalic acid.
As 80% of kidney stones are calcium-oxalate stones, an increase in oxalic acid is strongly correlated to frequency of urolithiasis.
