Oxalobacter formigenes is a bacterium that colonizes the colon of a substantial proportion of the normal population and metabolizes dietary and endogenous oxalate and hence reducing the incidence of kidney stones.

Oxalobacter formigenes is a bacterium that colonizes the colon of a substantial proportion of the normal population and metabolizes dietary and endogenous oxalate and hence reducing the incidence of kidney stones.

Oxalobacter formigenes is a bacterium that colonizes the colon of a substantial proportion of the normal population and metabolizes dietary and endogenous oxalate and hence reducing the incidence of kidney stones.

Oxalobacter formigenes is a bacterium that colonizes the colon of a substantial proportion of the normal population and metabolizes dietary and endogenous oxalate and hence reducing the incidence of kidney stones.

Oxidized LDL is LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol) that has been modified by oxidation. Oxidized LDL triggers inflammation leading to the formation of plaque in the arteries, also known as atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL may also play a role in increasing the amount of triglycerides the body produces, as well as increasing the amount of fat deposited by the body. In turn, fat tissue can enhance the oxidation of LDL, creating a vicious cycle.

Oxidized LDL is LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol) that has been modified by oxidation. Oxidized LDL triggers inflammation leading to the formation of plaque in the arteries, also known as atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL may also play a role in increasing the amount of triglycerides the body produces, as well as increasing the amount of fat deposited by the body. In turn, fat tissue can enhance the oxidation of LDL, creating a vicious cycle.

Oxidized phospholipids are found on all apoB-containing lipoproteins, namely, LDL, VLDL, and especially Lp(a). When taken up by the artery wall, oxidized lipoproteins accelerate atherosclerosis, thereby, increasing the risk of myocardial infarctions, strokes, and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Oxidized phospholipids are highly pro-inflammatory and contribute to many diseases of aging.

Clinicians can use OxPL-apoB levels to reclassify patients into higher or lower risk categories allowing better personalized care.

Optimal: <2.0 nM/L

Borderline: 2.0-3.0 nM/L

Increased Risk: >3.0 nM/L

Phenols, including phenol and p-cresol, are aromatic compounds that result from the microbial fermentation of aromatic amino acids, such as tryptophan and tyrosine. These compounds are cytotoxic and may cause damage to the gut, skin, vascular system, kidneys, and more.

Tyrosine tends to be metabolized to phenol by Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., and Streptococcus faecalis, whereas it tends to be metabolized to p-cresol by strictly anaerobic gut bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium spp., and Clostridium spp.

Tryptophan is abundant in foods such as cheese, poultry, red meat, egg whites, and seeds; and therefore, these foods can increase phenol production in the gut. Similarly, tyrosine is also present in protein-rich foods including beef, pork, chicken, fish, chicken, tofu, milk, cheese, beans, seeds, nuts, and whole grains. When paired with a diet low in fermentable fibers, these foods have the potential to dramatically increase phenol and p-cresol production, as gut microbes are forced to use amino acids for energy. Increasing gut acidity through the intake of resistant starches, galactooligosaccharides, and fructooligosaccharides may reduce the production of these toxic metabolites.

P-Ethanolamine, Plasma is short for Phosphoethanolamine (PEA). Phosphoethanolamine (PEA) is a marker measured in the plasma as part of an Amino Acid Profile, Quantitative (Qn) panel. This compound is a derivative of the amino acid serine and plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. In the body, PEA serves as a precursor to phosphatidylethanolamine, one of the most abundant phospholipids in cell membranes, and is involved in various cellular processes, including membrane signaling and repair. Elevated levels of phosphoethanolamine in the plasma can indicate metabolic disruptions or inherited metabolic disorders such as phosphoethanolaminuria, where there is an abnormal accumulation of PEA due to enzyme deficiencies.

P-Ethanolamine stands for Phosphoethanolamine. Phosphoethanolamine is a compound involved in the metabolism of phospholipids, which are essential components of cell membranes. Elevated levels of phosphoethanolamine in urine can indicate metabolic disorders or conditions related to phospholipid metabolism. For instance, abnormal levels may be associated with certain types of metabolic diseases, vitamin B6 deficiency, or issues with kidney function. Monitoring phosphoethanolamine levels can help healthcare providers diagnose these conditions, assess the effectiveness of treatments, and understand more about a patient's metabolic health. It's an important marker because it provides information that can lead to early detection and management of metabolic abnormalities, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes.

The presence of organic compounds such as p-Hydroxybenzoate in the urine may point towards significant dysbiosis (=impaired microbiota).

Associated with small intestinal bacteria overgrowth (SIBO) due to its production by C. di cile, C. stricklandii, C. lituseburense, C. subterminale, C. putrefaciens, and C. propionicum.

Associated with small intestinal bacteria overgrowth (SIBO) due to its production by C. di cile, C. stricklandii, C. lituseburense, C. subterminale, C. putrefaciens, and C. propionicum.

p-hydroxyphenyllactate is a marker of cell turnover. It is also a metabolite in tyrosine degradation and may be useful for studying disorders of tyrosine metabolism.