Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that usually causes no symptoms or only mild illness. CMV testing detects antibodies in the blood that the body produces in response to the infection or detects CMV directly.

In the United States, as many as 60% of people have been exposed to CMV at some point in their life. Almost 1 out of every 3 children have been exposed to CMV by age 5 and more than half of adults are exposed to CMV by age 40.

What is being measured
This marker tests for IgA antibodies against specific cytoskeletal proteins in the intestinal lining, including proteins like vinculin, talin, and alpha-actinin. These proteins are essential for maintaining the structure and function of the intestinal barrier.

Why this matters
When harmful bacteria such as Campylobacter, E. coli, or Salmonella damage the gut lining, they may release toxins that disrupt intestinal cells. In response, the immune system may start producing IgA antibodies against the body’s own structural proteins. An elevated level of Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA indicates that the immune system is actively targeting these proteins, which can be a sign of damage to the intestinal barrier.

Clinical significance

• Elevated Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA is often associated with post-infectious IBS or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

• It may indicate that bacteria or their toxins have breached the gut lining and triggered an immune reaction.

• This immune activation may also contribute to symptoms outside the gut, such as fatigue or brain fog, through a mechanism often described as "leaky gut" or intestinal permeability.

What to consider if your result is elevated

• An elevated result supports the need for further evaluation of SIBO or post-infectious irritable bowel symptoms.

• Your healthcare provider may recommend treatments to reduce bacterial overgrowth, repair the gut lining, and calm immune activation.

• Addressing elevated IgA responses early may help prevent more systemic or autoimmune responses later.

Summary
Cytoskeletal Proteins IgA is a marker of immune reactivity to your own intestinal lining. If elevated, it points to structural damage in the gut, often caused by bacterial overgrowth or prior gastrointestinal infections. Intervening early can help restore gut integrity and reduce ongoing immune stress.

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Cytoskeletal Proteins is the collective name given to intercellular adherent junctions that are involved in the integrity and functionality of the epithelial barrier. The major cytoskeletal proteins assessed in Array 22 are a-actinin, talin and vinculin. Alpha-actinin forms a lattice-like structure and stabilizes the muscle contractile, additionally a-actinin associates with signaling molecules. Talin is found in focal adhesions where it links the transmembrane receptors, integrins, to the actomyosin network and either directly or indirectly interacts with a-actinin and vinculin. Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions.

Known Cross-Reactions: Alpha-actinin with anti-ssDNA

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol produced specifically by Candida spp. The majority of the published literature shows a correlation between serum or urinary D-arabinitol levels and systemic invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals. Several articles have suggested that D-arabinitol is a useful marker for diagnosis of candidiasis in this patient population as well as potentially be a prognostic indicator in a broad range of conditions.

D-arabinitol is a sugar alcohol produced specifically by Candida spp. The majority of the published literature shows a correlation between serum or urinary D-arabinitol levels and systemic invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised individuals. Several articles have suggested that D-arabinitol is a useful marker for diagnosis of candidiasis in this patient population as well as potentially be a prognostic indicator in a broad range of conditions.

D-Arabinitol is a marker for intestinal yeast overgrowth.

Yeast is another class of microbes that can chronically grow in the intestinal tract and cause adverse health effects through the release of toxic metabolites. D-Arabinitol is uniquely produced by intestinal yeast, and the degree of elevation is a useful marker of their growth.

D-arabinitol is produced from dietary carbohydrates when yeasts are rapidly growing in the low oxygen environment of the small intestine.

D-Dimer is a protein fragment (small piece) that's made when a blood clot dissolves in your body.

The D-Dimer, Quantitative test is a crucial laboratory tool used primarily to assess the likelihood of clotting disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. This test measures the concentration of D-Dimer, a small protein fragment produced when a blood clot dissolves, in the blood. A normal D-Dimer level can help rule out certain clotting disorders in patients with low or moderate risk, while elevated levels may indicate active clot formation and breakdown. However, elevated D-Dimer levels are not specific to thrombosis and can also be seen in other conditions like infection, inflammation, trauma, or cancer. Therefore, interpreting D-Dimer results requires consideration of the patient's overall clinical condition, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests. A high D-Dimer level alone does not confirm thrombosis but suggests the need for further investigation to identify the underlying cause.

The human body attempts to eliminate xenobiotics (foreign organic chemicals) through a concerted effort of enzymatic “functionalization” (phase I) and conjugation (phase II).

Functionalization involves chemical modification of the xenobiotic by the cytochrome P-450 or the “mixed function oxidase” enzyme systems. Once functionalized, the altered xenobiotic can then be conjugated and excreted.

Urinary D-glucaric acid, a hepatic byproduct of enzymatic response to chemical toxins (phase I), is a reliable indicator of exposure to xenobiotics.

D-Lactate is produced by bacteria residing in the colon when carbohydrates are not completely absorbed in the small intestine. This by-product is excreted in the urine.

- Only elevated is of concern. D-lactic acid is generally produced in minimal quantities by human cells. It comes from three sources,

    1. from human methylglyoxal (MGO) pathway (assumed to be the sole source of blood D-lactate in healthy people),

    2. production by gut bacteria (mostly in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS)), and

    3. ingestion of preformed D-lactate.

- The source of D-lactic acid is dependent on the situation. MGO is a precursor of glycation of proteins and DNA, resulting in advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which is associated with increased oxidative stress. MGO is predominantly detoxified by the glyoxalase system (requires glutathione), with the majority going to D-lactate.

The Daily Average Temperature by Dr. Rind refers to a concept related to metabolic health. According to information from Dr. Rind's Center for Health, the average daytime temperature of an individual is influenced by the thyroid mechanism and metabolic health. Typically, an adult with a healthy thyroid and metabolism has an average mid-afternoon temperature around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37.0°C).

Dr. Rind's Metabolic Temperature Graph is used to record and track daily average temperatures, often associated with monitoring metabolic health and thyroid function. It's worth noting that Dr. Rind's methods are utilized in contexts like addressing chronic fatigue syndrome.

The DAO:Histamine ratio helps identify subtle imbalances between histamine levels and DAO enzyme activity. Even if DAO levels are within the normal range, symptoms may still occur if histamine levels are elevated. A low ratio indicates that the amount of DAO is insufficient to manage the histamine present in the body. Treatments aimed at regulating either DAO or histamine levels can help restore balance and improve this ratio.