Common food sources:

Soybeans, beef, lamb, sunflower seeds, chicken, oats

Physiological Function:

→ Cysteine has antioxidant properties itself, but is also a precursor molecule to glutathione production, the master antioxidant.

→ Cysteine is also an important source of sulfide for iron-sulfide metabolism.

→ Cysteine will bind metals easily to its thiol group, such as iron, nickel, copper, zinc, and heavy metals such as mercury and lead, which may confer some chelation benefits.

→ Cysteine counteracts acetaldehyde effects from consumption of alcohol and can reduce hangovers.

The marker Cysticercosis (Taenia solium) refers to a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of antibodies against Taenia solium, the parasitic tapeworm responsible for cysticercosis. Cysticercosis is an infection that occurs when a person ingests eggs from the tapeworm, which are typically spread through contaminated food, water, or contact with infected feces. Once inside the body, the eggs hatch into larvae and can migrate to various tissues, including muscles, eyes, and the central nervous system, forming cysts. This can lead to a range of symptoms, depending on the location and number of cysts.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

The urine FMV amino acid test reports cysteine and cystine separately. The plasma amino acid test combines both cysteine and cystine as one biomarker.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

The urine FMV amino acid test reports cysteine and cystine separately. The plasma amino acid test combines both cysteine and cystine as one biomarker.

Cystine is the oxidized disulfide form of cysteine (Cys) and is the predominant form of cysteine in the blood due to its greater relative stability. Cystine is derived from dietary protein and, end formed endogenously from cysteine.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

The urine FMV amino acid test reports cysteine and cystine separately. The plasma amino acid test combines both cysteine and cystine as one biomarker.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

The urine FMV amino acid test reports cysteine and cystine separately. The plasma amino acid test combines both cysteine and cystine as one biomarker.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Cystine is rate limiting for glutathione production. Cystine is the oxidized form of cysteine.

→ Low cystine may be reflective of reduced glutathione levels and has also been noted in those with celiac disease and lower BMD.

→ Cysteine can be imported into cells either directly or as cystine, within the cell, cystine is immediately reduced to cysteine.

→ Higher plasma cystine has been associated with older age, female, higher BMI, lower GFR, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, lower total cholesterol levels, statin use, lower ejection fraction, and higher hsCRP.

→ Higher urine cystine may be indicative of impaired amino acid reabsorption defects and has been associated with recurrent cystine kidney stones.

→ Cystine from foods sources is considered nutritionally equivalent to cysteine (egg, beef, and whole grains, fish, lentils, and oatmeal).

Cystine is the oxidized disulfide form of cysteine (Cys) and is the predominant form of cysteine in the blood due to its greater relative stability. Cystine is derived from dietary protein and, end formed endogenously from cysteine.

Cystine is the oxidized disulfide form of cysteine (Cys) and is the predominant form of cysteine in the blood due to its greater relative stability. Cystine is derived from dietary protein and, end formed endogenously from cysteine.

Cystine is rate limiting for glutathione production. Cystine is the oxidized form of cysteine.

Cystine is formed from the oxidation of cysteine, or from the degradation of glutathione oxidation products. It is two cysteines linked together with a disulfide bond.

Function:

The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is a large and diverse group of enzymes, most of which catalyze the oxidation of organic substances. A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver’s cytoplasmic mass. These cells play a role in: protein synthesis; protein storage; transformation of carbohydrates; synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids; detoxification; modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances; and initiates formation and secretion of bile.

Antibodies Appear:

Autoimmune Hepatitis Type 2 [4]

Chronic Hepatitis C [4]

Heptocellular Carcinoma [3]

Liver/Mycrosomal Autoimmunities [1, 2]

Known Cross-Reactions:

asialoglycoprotein receptor, [2]

gliadin [5]

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an opportunistic herpesvirus belonging to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which is classified as herpes type-5. After primary infection, CMV can infect a variety of cell types such as epithelial cells of salivary glands, large intestine, lungs, smooth muscle, endothelial cells, liver, kidney, fibroblasts, neuronal cells and various myeloid cells.

Epidemiology:

- Herpes virus that has infected 60% of the US population

- One in three children have contracted CMV by five years old

- Passed around in child daycare centers

What is the Cytomegalovirus test?

This test looks for antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a virus in the herpes family, in your blood.

CMV is so widespread that most people in the U.S. have been infected by the time they reach age 40. But many don't realize it. You can pick up the virus by handling or exchanging bodily fluids, such as saliva, blood, urine, breast milk, and semen. The virus usually causes only a mild illness. But it can do serious harm to unborn children, people with HIV/AIDS, or others with weak immune systems.

Antibodies are germ-fighting molecules that your immune system makes in response to infection. If you have CMV-specific antibodies in your blood, you may have a CMV infection.

Like other herpes family viruses, CMV hides in the body after the first infection and can flare up again. Later infections tend to be milder. In fact, in adults with a healthy immune system, the first infection may not have any symptoms.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesviridae family of viruses and usually causes asymptomatic infection after which it remains latent in patients, primarily within bone marrow derived cells. Primary CMV infection in immunocompetent individuals may manifest as a mononucleosis-type syndrome, similar to primary Epstein-Barr virus infection, with fever, malaise and lymphadenopathy.

CMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among bone marrow or solid organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, and other immunosuppressed patients due to virus reactivation or from a newly acquired infection. Infection in these patient populations can affect almost any organ and lead to multiorgan failure. CMV is also responsible for congenital disease among newborns and is one of the TORCH infections (toxoplasmosis, other infections including syphilis, rubella, CMV, and herpes simplex virus).

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When your CMV IgG is positive, and your CMV IgM is negative, it typically indicates a specific scenario related to Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection:

→ Positive CMV IgG: A positive CMV IgG result means that you have been exposed to CMV at some point in the past. It doesn't provide information about the timing of the infection but indicates past exposure.

→ Negative CMV IgM: A negative CMV IgM result suggests that you are not currently experiencing an acute or active CMV infection. CMV IgM antibodies are typically present during an active or recent infection. Their absence in the blood can indicate that the infection is not recent.

In summary, a positive CMV IgG and a negative CMV IgM result mean that you have been exposed to CMV in the past, but it is not currently an active infection. This is often seen in individuals who have had a prior CMV infection, and the virus remains dormant in their body.

It's important to discuss your test results with a healthcare provider for a more comprehensive evaluation and to understand the specific implications in your individual case. Additionally, if you have concerns about CMV or your health, consult with a medical professional for further guidance.