Molybdenum is an essential activator of some important enzymes in the body: sulfite oxidase (catalyzes formation of sulfate from sulfite), xanthine oxidase (formation of uric acid and superoxide ion from xanthine), and aldehyde oxidase (processes aldehydes). Over 50% of absorbed Mo is normally excreted in urine; the remainder is excreted via bile to the feces or is excreted in sweat.

Molybdenum supplementation has been shown to reduce sulfite sensitivity, a condition marked by asthma, shortness of breath, edema, dermatitis, and possible anaphylaxis by increasing sulfite oxidase activity, in patients with low blood molybdenum. Frank molybdenum deficiency states are largely relegated to those on total parenteral nutrition, with symptoms including mental disturbance and coma. Blood and urine specimens have been used for direct molybdenum measurement, but they are mainly reflective of intake and have not been adequately evaluated.

Sources of Molybdenum:

- Beans (lima, white, red, green, pinto, peas),

- grains (wheat, oat, rice),

- nuts,

- vegetables (asparagus, dark leafy, Brassicas),

- milk, cheese.

Absorption factors:

- Molybdenum absorption is passive in the intestines.

- Urinary excretion is a direct reflection of dietary Molybdenum intake, not necessarily Molybdenum status.

- Increased Mo intake may elevate urinary copper excretion.

Sources of Molybdenum:

- Beans (lima, white, red, green, pinto, peas),

- grains (wheat, oat, rice),

- nuts,

- vegetables (asparagus, dark leafy, Brassicas),

- milk, cheese.

Absorption factors:

- Molybdenum absorption is passive in the intestines.

- Urinary excretion is a direct reflection of dietary Molybdenum intake, not necessarily Molybdenum status.

- Increased Mo intake may elevate urinary copper excretion.

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element that is an activator of specific enzymes such as: xanthine oxidase (catalyses formation of uric acid), sulphite oxidase (catalyses oxidation of sulphite to sulphate), and aldehyde dehydrogenase (catalyses oxidation of aldehydes).

Possible effects or symptoms consistent with Mo deficiency are: subnormal uric acid in blood and urine, sensitivity or reactivity to sulphites, protein intolerance (specifically to sulphur-bearing amino acids), and sensitivity or reactivity to aldehydes.

Molybdenum (Mo) deficiency has been linked to gout. Low levels in heavy meat eaters reflect digestive disorder, the need for digestive enzymes and dietary changes. Such patients should avoid pork, beef, wholegrain and rather eat poultry, fish and other lighter proteins.

Monitoring molybdenum levels in the blood is crucial for ensuring proper enzyme function, detoxification, and overall metabolic health. While deficiencies are rare, they can have serious consequences. Conversely, excess molybdenum can lead to toxicity, particularly in those with high environmental or occupational exposure. Regular assessment, particularly for at-risk individuals, ensures that molybdenum levels remain within a healthy range.

Infectious mononucleosis, or mono, is a disease most frequently caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The viruses that cause mono are commonly spread through bodily fluids, especially saliva. While less common, transmission may also occur through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations.

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) is a metabolite of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which is part of the common environmental toxins known as phthalates. Phthalates, often referred to as plasticizers, are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and durable. They are widely used in various products, including:

• Cosmetics
• Adhesives
• Detergents
• Lubricating oils
• Automotive plastics
• Plastic clothing

People are exposed to phthalates through several routes:

• Ingestion: Eating or drinking foods and beverages contaminated with phthalates.
• Inhalation: Breathing in air that contains phthalate vapors or dust, which can irritate the nose and throat, causing symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, headaches, dizziness, and nausea.

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) is a metabolite of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a commonly used plasticizer in the manufacturing of flexible plastics. DEHP is widely found in products like PVC flooring, medical devices, and children's toys. MEOHP is detected in urine samples as part of environmental and exposure monitoring, particularly in a ToxDetect panel, which tests for chemicals that may have harmful effects on human health.

MEOHP is often used as an indicator of DEHP exposure, as the body metabolizes DEHP into MEOHP and other related compounds. Elevated levels of MEOHP in urine may suggest higher exposure to DEHP, which has been linked to various health concerns. These include potential effects on the endocrine system, reproductive health, and developmental processes.

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) is a metabolite of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which belongs to a group of common environmental toxins known as phthalates. Phthalates, also referred to as plasticizers, are chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and durable. They are widely used in a variety of products, including:

• Cosmetics
• Adhesives
• Detergents
• Lubricating oils
• Automotive plastics
• Plastic clothing

Routes of Exposure:

• Ingestion: Consuming contaminated food or beverages.
• Inhalation: Breathing in air containing phthalate vapors or dust, which can lead to symptoms such as:
  • Irritation of the nose and throat
  • Coughing and wheezing
  • Headaches, dizziness, and nausea

MEOHP is a metabolite of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), which belongs to the most common environmental toxin phthalates.

Phthalates, often known as plasticizers, are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break. They are widely used in cosmetics, adhesives, detergents, lubricating oils, automotive plastics, and plastic clothes. People are exposed to phthalates by eating or drinking contaminated foods but also by breathing in air that contains phthalate vapors or dusts.

MEHP is a metabolite of Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) which belongs to the most common environmental toxin phthalates.

Phthalates, often known as plasticizers, are a group of chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and harder to break. They are widely used in:

- cosmetics,

- adhesives,

- detergents,

- lubricating oils,

- automotive plastics,

- and plastic clothes.