Myristic acid is a medium chain fatty acid (=MCFA). It is present in palm kernel oil, coconut oil, butterfat, milk and to some extent in animal fats.

Myristoleic acid is one of the monounsaturated fatty acids.

N-Acetyl (2, hydroxypropyl) Cysteine (NAHP) is a metabolite of propylene oxide, which is majorly used to produce polyurethane plastics and fumigant. These materials are used in polyester resins for the textile and construction industries as well as for lubricants, surfactants, and oil demulsifiers. Propylene oxide has been classified as a possible human carcinogen. Frequent exposure may lead to an increased risk of cancer.

NACE is a metabolite of acrylonitrile, which is used in the production of acrylic fibers, resins, and rubber.

Acrylonitrile is metabolized by the cytochrome P450s and then conjugated to glutathione. Supplementation with glutathione should assist in the detoxification of acrylonitrile.

N-Acetyl (2-Cyanoethyl) Cysteine (NACE) is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylonitrile, a chemical found in a variety of products, including acrylic fiber clothing, carpeting, acrylonitrile-based plastics, and plastic food containers. Acrylonitrile can also leach into foods from these materials, and it is present in cigarette smoke.

Acute exposure to high levels of acrylonitrile, especially through inhalation, can lead to respiratory irritation, difficulty breathing, dizziness, cyanosis (bluish skin), limb weakness, and convulsions. Long-term exposure may cause symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and general malaise. Acrylonitrile is primarily metabolized by the liver, where it is conjugated with glutathione by glutathione transferases. This process leads to the formation of N-Acetyl (2-Cyanoethyl) Cysteine, which is then excreted in the urine.

N-Acetyl (3,4-Dihydroxybutyl) Cysteine (NADB) is a metabolite produced as a result of exposure to 1,3-butadiene, a petrochemical primarily used in the production of synthetic rubber, including materials for car and truck tires. It is also an environmental pollutant found in car exhaust, fuel combustion for energy or heating, and cigarette smoke.

Exposure to 1,3-butadiene has been linked to significant health risks, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 1,3-butadiene as a human carcinogen. While the exact metabolic process of 1,3-butadiene in humans is not fully understood, it is known that the primary route of exposure is inhalation. Around half of inhaled 1,3-butadiene is exhaled directly, while the remainder is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine.

N-Acetyl (Carbomethyl) Cysteine is a metabolite formed as a result of exposure to acrylamide, a chemical that is produced when starchy foods like potatoes, grains, and coffee beans are cooked at high temperatures. Other sources of acrylamide exposure include cigarette smoke, as it is generated during the combustion of tobacco, and certain cosmetic products where acrylamide may be present as a contaminant.

Acrylamide exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly affecting organs such as the kidneys, ovaries, and uterus. It has also been associated with neurotoxicity, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairments. Other potential health risks include genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning. Studies have shown that 1-BP is a neurotoxin as well as a reproductive toxin. Research indicates that exposure to 1-BP can cause sensory and motor deficits. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system. Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP) is a metabolite derived from benzene, a chemical that has been widely used in the past as an industrial solvent. Due to its toxicity and associated health risks, the use of benzene has been significantly reduced. However, exposure to benzene can still occur in occupational settings, as well as in the general environment and at home, due to the widespread use of benzene-containing petroleum products such as motor fuels and solvents.

Benzene exposure has been linked to a range of health issues, including respiratory, hepatic (liver), cardiovascular, immune, nervous, and endocrine system dysfunctions. Monitoring NAP levels can help assess an individual’s exposure to benzene and provide insights into potential health risks associated with this toxic compound.

N-acetyl phenyl cysteine (NAP) is a metabolite of benzene. 

Benzene is an organic solvent that is widespread in the environment. Benzene is a by-product of all types of industrial processes and combustion, including motor vehicle exhaust and cigarette smoke, and is released by outgassing from synthetic materials. Benzene is an extremely toxic chemical that is mutagenic and carcinogenic. High exposures to benzene cause symptoms of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, lack of coordination, central nervous system depression, and death. It can also cause hematological abnormalities.

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane.  Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning. Studies have shown that 1-BP is a neurotoxin as well as a reproductive toxin. Research indicates that exposure to 1-BP can cause sensory and motor deficits. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system. Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

NACE is a metabolite of acrylonitrile, which is used in the production of acrylic fibers, resins, and rubber.

Acrylonitrile is metabolized by the cytochrome P450s and then conjugated to glutathione. Supplementation with glutathione should assist in the detoxification of acrylonitrile.

N-acetyl(2-hydroxypropyl)cysteine (NAHP) is used in the production of plastics and is used as a fumigant (=gaseous pesticides).

This chemical is a metabolite of propylene oxide. Propylene oxide is used to make polyester resins for textile and construction industries. It is also used in the preparation of lubricants, surfactants, and oil demulsifiers. It has also been used as a food additive, an herbicide, a microbicide, an insecticide, a fungicide, and a miticide. Propylene oxide is a probable human carcinogen.

NADB is a metabolite of 1,3 butadiene, which is evident of exposure to synthetic rubber such as tires. 1,3 butadiene is a known carcinogen and has been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Individuals that come into contact with rubber, such as car tires, could absorb 1,3 butadiene through the skin.

NAPR is a metabolite of 1-bromopropane. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system.  Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

1-bromopropane is an organic solvent used for metal cleaning, foam gluing, and dry cleaning. Studies have shown that 1-BP is a neurotoxin as well as a reproductive toxin. Research indicates that exposure to 1-BP can cause sensory and motor deficits. Chronic exposure can lead to decreased cognitive function and impairment of the central nervous system. Acute exposure can lead to headaches.

N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)cysteine (NAE) is a metabolite of acrylamide, which is detoxified through a two-step process.

First acrylamide is metabolized by the cytochrome P450s.  

Second it is conjugated to glutathione in order to make it more water soluble.

Elevated N-acetylaspartic acid is due to the genetic disorder Carnavan’s disease, a potentially fatal disease causing spongy degeneration of the brain. 

What is Carnavan’s disease?

Canavan disease is a rare inherited disorder that damages the ability of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain to send and receive messages. This disease is one of a group of genetic disorders called leukodystrophies. Leukodystrophies disrupt the growth or maintenance of the myelin sheath, which is the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses.

Elevated N-acetylaspartic acid is due to the genetic disorder Carnavan’s disease, a potentially fatal disease causing spongy degeneration of the brain. 

What is Carnavan’s disease?

Canavan disease is a rare inherited disorder that damages the ability of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain to send and receive messages. This disease is one of a group of genetic disorders called leukodystrophies. Leukodystrophies disrupt the growth or maintenance of the myelin sheath, which is the covering that protects nerves and promotes the efficient transmission of nerve impulses.