Borrelia afzelii is a species of Borrelia, a bacterium that can infect various species of vertebrates and invertebrates. B. afzelii and B. garinii are the primary causes of Lyme disease in Europe and Asia. Coinfection by this Borrelia species with one or more pathogens can occur, carried by the vector, which appears to be in most cases the tick. In Europe the related genospecies Borrelia afzelii is associated with both EM and acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), and several European studies have found compelling evidence for B. afzelii infection in patients with morphea.

What is Borrelia andersonii – IgG?

Borrelia andersonii is a species of Borrelia, a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria that includes several species known to cause tickborne illnesses such as Lyme disease and relapsing fever. While Borrelia andersonii has not been definitively linked to human disease, it has been isolated from Ixodes ticks (the same ticks that transmit Lyme disease) and from wild animals in parts of North America, suggesting it may play a role in the broader ecology of tickborne infections.

The IgG antibody test for Borrelia andersonii measures the body’s long-term immune response to this bacterium. IgG antibodies typically appear weeks after exposure and can remain in the bloodstream for months or even years, indicating past exposure or infection.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgG result indicates a moderate level of antibodies, which may reflect:

• A recent or past exposure to Borrelia andersonii

• A low-level or cross-reactive immune response, possibly due to exposure to a related Borrelia species

• A borderline finding, which may or may not be clinically significant

Follow-up testing and clinical evaluation can help determine whether additional investigation or treatment is necessary.

What is Borrelia andersonii – IgM?

Borrelia andersonii is a species within the Borrelia genus, a group of spiral-shaped bacteria that includes known causes of Lyme disease and relapsing fever. Borrelia andersonii has been found in Ixodes ticks and certain wild animals in North America, but it is not currently recognized as a confirmed human pathogen. However, its presence on testing panels may indicate exposure to Borrelia bacteria or potential cross-reactivity with related species.

The IgM antibody test for Borrelia andersonii detects early immune response—specifically IgM antibodies, which typically appear within 1–2 weeks of infection or exposure. This makes IgM testing useful for identifying recent or possible current exposure to Borrelia species.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium IgM result indicates a moderate level of early antibodies, which could reflect:

• An early or low-level immune response to a Borrelia species

• A resolving immune reaction, if exposure occurred recently

• A borderline or nonspecific result, which should be interpreted with caution

In the absence of symptoms or supporting test results, a medium IgM result is typically not diagnostic and may not require treatment.

Borrelia burgdorferi is spirochete class bacterium. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. burgdorferi afzelii and B. burgdorferi garinii spirochetes enter the human body through tick bites.

Mixed with tick saliva, Borrelia travels through the circulation and enters different tissues. In some untreated cases, symptoms of pathogenic invasion have involved neurologic, cardiac, or joint disorders. Borrelia pathogenesis can break the blood-brain barrier, which allows invasion of the central nervous system, resulting in neuroborreliosis.

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B.b.s.l.) with the following subspecies:

- USA: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (B.b.s.s.), Borrelia andersonii, Borrelia americanum, B. carolinensis, B. bissettii, B. myamotoi

- Europe: Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, B. spielmanii, B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. bavariensis

- Asia: Borrelia japonica, B. rutdi, B. tanukii, B. sinica, B. yangtze

Borrelia burgdorferi is spirochete class bacterium. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. burgdorferi sensu lato, B. burgdorferi afzelii and B. burgdorferi garinii spirochetes enter the human body through tick bites.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

What is Borrelia burgdorferi p30 – IgM?

The p30 – IgM marker measures early immune system activity against the p30 protein of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. The "p30" refers to a 30-kilodalton protein expressed by the bacterium, which serves as one of several antigens used in serologic testing to detect the body’s immune response.

IgM antibodies are produced during the early stages of infection—typically within the first 1 to 2 weeks following exposure. Therefore, the presence of IgM antibodies to the p30 protein may indicate that your immune system is actively responding to a recent or ongoing Borrelia infection.

What Does a Medium Result Mean?

A medium result for Borrelia burgdorferi p30 – IgM indicates a moderate level of IgM antibodies to the p30 protein. This may represent an early immune response, a waning infection, or a nonspecific antibody reaction. While not strongly positive, it suggests some level of immune activity and should be interpreted alongside your symptoms, exposure risk (such as tick bites in a Lyme-endemic area), and results from other Lyme-related markers.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Outer surface protein A (OspA) is one of the major proteins in the outer membrane of this B. burgdorferi. A vaccine based OspA was approved by the FDA in 1998. Individuals vaccinated subcutaneously showed approximately 76% protection agains B. burgdorferi infection after receiving three vaccine doses; however, the human vaccine was removed from the market later.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Outer surface protein A (OspA) is one of the major proteins in the outer membrane of this B. burgdorferi. A vaccine based OspA was approved by the FDA in 1998. Individuals vaccinated subcutaneously showed approximately 76% protection agains B. burgdorferi infection after receiving three vaccine doses; however, the human vaccine was removed from the market later.

Borreliella burgdorferi is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted by the Ixodes tick. Clinical presentation of Lyme disease is known for the characteristic bull's-eye rash (also known as erythema migrans) but can also include myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, arrythmia, arthritis, arthralgia, meningitis, neuropathies, and facial nerve palsy depending on the stage of infection.

Outer surface protein B (OspB) is one of the major proteins in the outer membrane of this B. burgdorferi. OspB was found to be critical for B. burgdorferi adherence and survival within Ixodes ticks.