Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillic acid (HVA), or 3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid, is a metabolite of dopamine. Although dopamine is an important brain neurotransmitter, a substantial amount of dopamine is produced in the GI tract.

In neurotransmitter production, dopamine is formed from phenylalanine and tyrosine using several enzymes which require nutrient cofactors such as iron, tetrahydrobiopterin, and pyridoxal phosphate.

Homovanillate (aka Homovanillic Acid) is a dopamine metabolite.

Homovanillate and Vanilmandelate are breakdown products from neurotransmitters involved in hormone and nerve impulse transmission, called catecholamines.

Homovanillic acid (HVA), or 3-methoxy-4- hydroxyphenylacetic acid, is a metabolite of dopamine. Although dopamine is an important brain neurotransmitter, a substantial amount of dopamine is produced in the GI tract.

In neurotransmitter production, dopamine is formed from phenylalanine and tyrosine using several enzymes which require nutrient cofactors such as iron, tetrahydrobiopterin, and pyridoxal phosphate.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-Omethyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that acts on several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-Omethyltransferase on dopamine. HVA is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter and plays several important roles in the brain and body. It is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter that acts on several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior.

The adult nematodes attach to the wall of the small intestine and suck blood. The hookworm life cycle also includes migration through the circulation to the heart and lungs, and into the oropharynx. Infection occurs when larvae from fecally-contaminated soil penetrate human skin. A. duodenale is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, India, China, Japan, and the Pacific coastal areas of South America
but is rare in the USA and equatorial Africa. N. americanus is the predominant hookworm of Central and South Africa, southern Asia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. It is widely distributed in the southern USA, on islands of the Caribbean, and on the Atlantic side of Central and South America. About 25% of the world’s population is infected with hookworms.

What is Hormodendrum IgE?

Hormodendrum IgE is a blood test that measures your immune system’s response to a specific type of mold known as Hormodendrum, a genus of fungi now often classified under Cladosporium. These molds are commonly found in outdoor and indoor environments, especially in soil, decaying plants, and damp or poorly ventilated areas of homes and buildings.

When your immune system is sensitive to Hormodendrum mold, it may produce Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to exposure. This immune response can trigger allergy symptoms.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is an indicator for dysbiosis due to overgrowth of Clostridia bacteria (e.g., C. sporogenes, C. caloritolerans, and C. botulinum) in the GI tract. This metabolite was found in higher concentrations in urine samples of children with autism compared to age and sex appropriate controls. This metabolite inhibits the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, leading to a derangement of neurotransmitter balance. Consider testing the complete neurotransmitter cascade to observe all marker levels.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

HPHPA is a clostridia metabolite and dysbiosis marker and stands for 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid.

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that causes peptic ulcer disease and plays a role in the development of gastric cancer. Direct stool testing of the antigen (HpSA) is highly accurate and is appropriate for diagnosis and follow-up of infection.