Jaundice

Jaundice: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Jaundice is a condition characterized by a yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. It is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of underlying liver, gallbladder, or blood-related conditions.

What Causes Jaundice?

Jaundice occurs when there is an imbalance in bilirubin metabolism. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed during the breakdown of red blood cells. It is processed by the liver and excreted in bile. When this process is disrupted, bilirubin accumulates in the body, leading to jaundice.

The primary causes of jaundice include:

Liver Diseases
- Hepatitis (viral, alcoholic, autoimmune) – Inflammation of the liver impairs bilirubin processing.
- Cirrhosis – Scarring of the liver affects its ability to remove bilirubin.
- Liver Cancer – Tumors may obstruct bile flow.
Bile Duct Obstruction
- Gallstones – Blockage of the bile duct prevents bilirubin from being excreted.
- Pancreatic or Biliary Tract Tumors – These can compress bile ducts, leading to jaundice.
Hemolysis (Excess Red Blood Cell Breakdown)
- Hemolytic Anemia – Rapid breakdown of red blood cells releases excessive bilirubin.
- Blood Disorders (Sickle Cell Disease, Thalassemia) – Genetic conditions causing red blood cell destruction.
Newborn Jaundice
- Common in newborns due to immature liver function, but usually resolves without treatment.

Symptoms of Jaundice

Yellowing of the skin and eyes
Dark urine (bilirubin excretion)
Pale stools (lack of bilirubin in bile)
Itchy skin (bilirubin buildup)
Fatigue, abdominal pain, or nausea (depending on the cause)

Diagnosis and Treatment

A blood test can measure bilirubin levels and liver function markers. Imaging (ultrasound, CT scan) or a liver biopsy may be needed for further evaluation.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause:
- Liver infections: Antiviral or supportive therapy
- Gallstones: Surgery or bile duct procedures
- Hemolytic conditions: Managing anemia or transfusions
- Newborn jaundice: Light therapy (phototherapy)

When to Seek Medical Attention