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Optimal range: 0 - 35 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 18 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 96 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 34.77 mmol/mol
2-Oxoglutaric acid is an organic acid that is important for the proper metabolism of all essential amino acids. It is formed in the Krebs cycle, the energy-producing process that occurs in most body cells.
Optimal range: 0 - 4 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 0 - 0.41 mmol/mol
2-Oxoisocaproic acid (also known as Ketoleucine) is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids.
2-Oxoisocaproic acid is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin.
A moderate increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites in urine may result from lactic acidosis, episodic ketosis, or de ficiencies of the vitamins, thiamine or lipoic acid. A signi ficant increase of branched-chain amino acid metabolites is associated with the genetic disorders, maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and pyruvate dehydrogenase de ficiency. Patients with slight to moderate elevations may use dietary supplements containing thiamine to improve clinical symptoms.
Optimal range: 0 - 0 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2.1 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2 mmol/mol creatinine
2-Oxoisovaleric acid is an abnormal metabolite that arises from the incomplete breakdown of branched-chain amino acids (=BCAA). 2-Oxoisovaleric acid is a neurotoxin, an acidogen, and a metabotoxin.
Optimal range: 0 - 2.5 mmol/mol creatinine
LEARN MOREOptimal range: 1.6 - 7.7 Ratio
An optimal 2/16α ratio falls between 2 and 4. Ratios below 2 may suggest an increased risk of breast cancer, though this concern is less significant when overall estrogen levels are low. Supporting estrogen metabolism toward 2-OH E1 with targeted nutrients may be beneficial in such cases. Ratios above 4, particularly when 16α-OH E1 levels are low, may indicate an elevated risk of osteopenia.
Optimal range: 3.93 - 11.62 µg/g creatinine
20a-Dihydroprogesterone (20a-DHP), also known as 20a-hydroxyprogesterone (20a-OHP), is a naturally occurring, endogenous progestogen. It is a metabolite of progesterone, formed by the 20a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (20a-HSDs). 20a-DHP can be transformed back into progesterone by 20a-HSDs. 20a-DHP has very low affinity for the progesterone receptor and is much less potent as a progestogen in comparison to progesterone.
3a- and 20a- dihydroprogesterone, have tumor-inhibitory properties in breast cancer.
Optimal range: 0.6 - 1.9 ELISA Index
ANTIBODIES ASSOCIATED WITH*:
*This test by itself is not diagnostic for any condition or disease
- Addison’s Disease
- Adrenal Autoimmunity
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Atrophic Gastritis
- Autoimmune Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Graves’ Disease
- Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
- Vitiligo
Reference range: Negative, Positive
This result is a qualitative determination of autoantibodies to 21-Hydroxylase (21-OH Abs) in patient serum. 21-OH Abs occur in autoimmune Addison's disease, whether isolated or part of type I or type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. This result should be used in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings and is not a substitute for functional testing required to diagnose adrenal insufficiency.
Reference range: Negative, Positive
21-Hydroxylase Antibody is an autoantibody that targets 21-hydroxylase, a key enzyme involved in the production of cortisol and aldosterone in the adrenal glands. The presence of these antibodies is commonly associated with autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, particularly Addison’s disease.
This test is primarily used to:
- Diagnose autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
- Differentiate autoimmune causes of adrenal failure from other causes (e.g., infections, genetic conditions, or medication-induced adrenal suppression)
- Identify individuals at risk for developing adrenal insufficiency, especially in people with other autoimmune diseases
Optimal range: 0.6 - 3 ng/mg Creat/Day
21-Hydroxyprogesterone is a steroid hormone with mineralocorticoid properties produced in the adrenal gland which serves as a precursor hormone to aldosterone.
