Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) Results Explained

Serum Creatinine: Low, High and Normal Range by Sex

Sample type: Serum

Other names: Creatinine, Serum Creatinine, Creatinine Serum, Creatinine SerPl QN, S Creatinine, Sr Creatinine, Creatinine Serum/Plasma, Creatinine [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma, Creatinine [Mass/Vol], Creat SerPl-mCnc, Creat, Crea, SCr

Optimal result: 0.57 – 1 mg/dL

Labcorp

Written September 13, 2026

Updated September 13, 2026

By Healthmatters Editorial Team

Peer-reviewed sources

A high creatinine means more of it is sitting in your blood than the interval for your sex expects. Several ordinary things raise this number without anything being wrong with your kidneys, and those deserve checking — but how far above the interval it sits, and how fast it got there, decide how much weight the ordinary explanations can carry.

The National Kidney Foundation lists eating large amounts of cooked meat, taking creatine supplements, recent high-intensity exercise and high muscle mass among the things that raise creatinine while making kidney function look worse than it is. It names six medications that can raise it as well: cimetidine, cobicistat, dolutegravir, fenofibrate, ritonavir and trimethoprim. The mechanism and the significance are not the same from one of those drugs to the next, so a raised creatinine on any of them is a reason to ask the prescriber rather than to assume either damage or a harmless artifact. NKF also notes that how much any of these factors shifts a given person's creatinine is highly variable.

Where a temporary one applies — a large meat meal, a creatine supplement, a hard training session in the day or two before the sample — repeating the test once it has passed is more informative than treating the first result as a finding. Two entries on that list do not work that way. High muscle mass is a standing feature of your body rather than something to clear before retesting. And a prescribed medicine should not be stopped over a creatinine result unless the prescriber tells you to — the result goes to them, and they decide whether it changes anything.

Dehydration sits in a different category and is worth separating out. It raises creatinine by reducing blood flow to the kidneys, so the number is reporting a real fall in filtration rather than a distorted measurement — generally a reversible one, once fluids are replaced. That makes it something to act on rather than something to explain away.

Check which interval you are being measured against, because they differ by sex. Labcorp's adult ceiling is 1.00 mg/dL for women and 1.27 mg/dL for men — so a result of 1.10 is above the interval for one and inside it for the other.

When the confounders are excluded, a genuinely high creatinine reflects the kidneys clearing less than they should. MedlinePlus gives the causes of an elevated result as kidney problems including damage, failure, infection or reduced blood flow; a blocked urinary tract; dehydration; muscle breakdown; and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and eclampsia.

Read it with the eGFR on the same report, which already adjusts for your age and sex and is the figure kidney function is staged from. Read it with your previous results too: 1.15 mg/dL means something different after 1.10, 1.12 and 1.14 than after 0.80.

Contact your provider without waiting for the next routine panel if the result is clearly high, if it has risen from your previous results, or if none of the explanations above accounts for it.

Seek medical attention the same day — urgent or emergency care out of hours — if a high creatinine comes with passing much less urine than usual, swelling in the legs, ankles or feet, shortness of breath, or confusion. The National Kidney Foundation lists those among the signs of acute kidney injury, which it describes as developing within 48 hours for most people and sometimes over as long as seven days. KDIGO's creatinine criteria for it are a rise of 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours, or a rise to 1.5 times a baseline known or presumed to be from the previous seven days; the full definition carries a urine-output criterion as well. It is the change that defines acute kidney injury, not the height of a single number. A creatinine that is high but steady can be chronic kidney disease instead, which is one reason no single value settles the question. A single mildly high creatinine is a nonspecific finding. One that has moved that fast is not, and it is not something to wait out.

A low creatinine points away from your kidneys rather than at them. Kidney disease raises this number; it does not lower it. So a result below your interval is pointing somewhere else, and there are several places it could point.

Creatinine is produced by the normal turnover of muscle tissue, so the amount in your blood tracks how much muscle you carry. Less muscle means less creatinine. The National Kidney Foundation lists low muscle mass, following a vegetarian or vegan diet, pregnancy, a history of amputation or muscle-wasting disease, and severe liver disease as the things that lower creatinine — and notes both that a low value can make kidney function look better than it actually is, and that the effect any one of these factors has on a given person is highly variable. MedlinePlus gives decreased muscle mass and malnutrition as the causes of a decreased result. None of these sources ranks them, so no single cause can be called the commonest.

In practice a low creatinine turns up in people who are simply smaller or lighter-built, in older adults who have lost muscle with age, in vegetarians and vegans, and in pregnancy. None of those requires treatment.

Pregnancy is worth separating from the rest, because the reason is different and so is the interpretation. Filtration rises by up to 50%, so the creatinine falls because it is being cleared faster rather than because less is being made. The UK Renal Association guideline recommends assessing renal function in pregnancy using serum creatinine, because estimated GFR is not valid in pregnancy. So if you are pregnant, neither the adult interval on this page nor the eGFR on your report is the right frame — that reading belongs with your maternity team.

Two situations are worth raising with a provider. The first is a low result that is new in someone whose diet, weight and activity have not changed, because severe liver disease and malnutrition both belong on the list and neither should be left unexamined. The second is subtler: a low creatinine inflates your calculated eGFR, so someone with very little muscle can carry a normal-looking eGFR alongside genuinely reduced kidney function. If you have low muscle mass and your kidneys are being monitored, ask about cystatin C — a filtration marker that does not depend on muscle. The National Kidney Foundation notes that an eGFR calculated from creatinine and cystatin C together is more accurate than one from either alone. It may be used on its own or alongside the creatinine; which fits depends on why the creatinine is unreliable and on your other health conditions, and that is a decision for whoever is monitoring you.

A low creatinine does not mean your kidneys are failing, and it is not a number that needs correcting in its own right. If anything needs attention, it is the underlying reason for the low result, not the reading.

Creatinine is a waste product from muscle breakdown and dietary protein that your kidneys filter out, so the level reflects muscle mass and kidney clearance.

Adult intervals are sex-specific: Labcorp reports 0.57 to 1.00 mg/dL for women and 0.76 to 1.27 for men.

A low result points away from the kidneys: kidney disease raises this number rather than lowering it. NKF lists low muscle mass, a vegetarian or vegan diet, pregnancy, amputation or muscle-wasting disease and severe liver disease, without ranking them; MedlinePlus adds malnutrition. The number does not say which.

A mildly high result is read cautiously: meat, creatine, hard exercise and high muscle mass raise it without a true fall in filtration, and dehydration raises it by reducing renal perfusion. Several medications raise it too, with mechanism and significance differing by drug. A markedly high result needs prompt review, and a rise of 0.3 mg/dL in 48 hours or to 1.5 times baseline in 7 days meets a KDIGO creatinine criterion for acute kidney injury.

Creatinine is insensitive to early kidney damage — Quest states a result inside the reference range does not rule out impaired kidney function, which is why eGFR is reported with it. Pregnancy is the exception: the UK Renal Association guideline states eGFR is not valid in pregnancy, where filtration rises and creatinine falls.

At a Glance

Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle and from protein in your food. Your kidneys filter it out, so the blood level reflects how much you make and how well they clear it.

Adult intervals differ by sex: Labcorp reports 0.57 to 1.00 mg/dL for women, 0.76 to 1.27 for men. MedlinePlus publishes different figures again.

Kidney disease raises this number rather than lowering it, so a low creatinine points away from the kidneys. Less muscle producing it is one of the explanations NKF lists, along with diet and pregnancy — though NKF notes the effect of any single factor is highly variable, and the result alone does not identify which applies.

A single mildly high result is nonspecific. Cooked meat, creatine supplements, a hard workout and high muscle mass raise it without filtration truly falling. Several medications raise it too, though the mechanism and the significance differ by drug. Dehydration is different again: it raises creatinine by cutting blood flow to the kidneys, so the number reports a real drop in filtering, generally a reversible one.

A markedly high result needs prompt medical review whatever is behind it — and it is a rise from your own recent results, not a high number on its own, that defines acute kidney injury. Seek care the same day if a high creatinine comes with much less urine, swelling, breathlessness or confusion.

Creatinine is also not sensitive to early kidney damage: Quest states that a result inside the reference range does not rule out impaired kidney function — which is what the eGFR is for.

Pregnancy is the exception. Filtration rises by up to 50%, so creatinine falls because it is cleared faster, not because less is made — and standard eGFR equations are not valid in pregnancy. A pregnant result belongs with a maternity team, not with the adult interval or the eGFR.

Reference intervals vary by laboratory and assay. The one printed beside your own result is what it was measured against.

Where your number sits

Labcorp adult interval	mg/dL	µmol/L
Women	0.57 – 1.00	50 – 88
Men	0.76 – 1.27	67 – 112

To convert: mg/dL × 88.4 = µmol/L

What the test measures

Creatinine is what is left when creatine phosphate in muscle is broken down for energy, and it also arrives from dietary protein. The kidneys filter it into the urine, so what remains in blood is a proxy for filtration — provided you know how much muscle is making it.

Labcorp runs it by kinetic Jaffe method and Quest by spectrophotometry, both reporting an eGFR alongside. It sits on the basic and comprehensive metabolic panels and on any renal panel — BMP, CMP, renal profile, U&E in the UK, KFT and RFT in South Asia.

Common phrases seen on lab reports

CREATININE

CREATININE, SERUM

SERUM CREATININE

CREATININE SERPL QN

CREATININE, S

S CREATININE

S.CREATININE

SR CREATININE

SERUM CR

CREATININE SERUM/PLASMA

CREATININE PLASMA (LAB)

CREAT

CREA

SCR

All name the same measurement. CREATININE, U CONC and CREATININE, RANDOM URINE are urine creatinine, a different test.

How to read your result

What your result shows	What that establishes	What it leaves open
Below your interval	Your creatinine is below the interval it was measured against	Why. Less muscle producing it, a vegetarian or vegan diet, and pregnancy — where the fall comes from faster filtering, not from making less — all put it there, and none needs correcting
Below your interval, and new without a change in diet, weight or activity	The same, without an obvious explanation	Whether severe liver disease or malnutrition is contributing — both lower creatinine, and both warrant asking
Inside your interval	Your creatinine sits within that interval	Whether filtration is normal. Creatinine is insensitive to early damage, which is what the eGFR line is for, and with little muscle it can flatter you
Modestly above your interval	More creatinine is in your blood than the interval expects	Why. Meat, creatine, hard exercise and muscle mass do this without filtration changing; medications do it in ways that differ by drug; dehydration does it by cutting renal blood flow, a real but generally reversible fall
Well above your interval, or rising across results	The same, at a size or trajectory the ordinary explanations do not account for	What is reducing clearance. Obstruction, reduced blood flow, acute kidney injury and muscle breakdown all belong in that conversation, and a result this high or a rise this fast is looked at promptly, not at the next routine panel

A result establishes where your number sits, not why. No row is a diagnosis, and the eGFR on the same report is what your clinician will use — except in pregnancy, where the equations are not valid.

If you remember only one thing

Kidney disease raises creatinine; it does not lower it. So a result below your interval is not evidence of a kidney problem. What it is instead — less muscle, a meat-free diet, pregnancy, something else on the list — the number does not say.

The interval is sex-specific too: Labcorp's ceiling is 1.00 mg/dL for women, 1.27 for men.

Two people, same result

Two people both have a creatinine of 1.10 mg/dL.

The first is a woman whose previous three results were 0.68, 0.71 and 0.74. She is now above Labcorp's female ceiling, and the movement is the finding.

The second is a man who lifts heavily, ate steak the night before and trained that morning; his value sits inside Labcorp's male interval.

Same number, nothing in common clinically — which is why creatinine is read with your sex, your previous results and your eGFR.

What this result cannot tell you

Whether your kidney function is normal. A result inside the interval does not rule out reduced filtration, which is why eGFR is reported beside it.

Whether a high result is your kidneys or your lunch. Several things raise it without filtration changing; dehydration raises it by genuinely reducing filtration; the number cannot tell them apart.

How it compares with someone else's. Intervals differ by sex, laboratory and method.

What is happening over time. One creatinine is a snapshot; the direction across results carries more.

Common interpretation mistakes

Reading a low creatinine as a kidney finding. Wrong direction — kidney disease raises it.

Acting on one mildly high value. Check the explanations above, then repeat it rested and hydrated.

Assuming a normal creatinine settles it. It does not — least of all with little muscle, or in pregnancy.

Stopping a prescribed medication over a creatinine result. Several can raise it, and what that means differs by drug. Talk to the prescriber.

Questions your doctor may ask

What did you eat in the day or two before the test — much meat — and how much had you had to drink?

Do you take creatine, and had you exercised hard in the 48 hours before the sample?

What medications are you taking — cimetidine, trimethoprim, fenofibrate, ritonavir, cobicistat or dolutegravir in particular?

Has your weight, diet or activity changed, and are you or could you be pregnant?

What were your previous results, and when?

Read together with

eGFR — calculated from this creatinine with your age and sex, and the figure kidney function is staged from.

Blood Urea Nitrogen and the BUN/Creatinine Ratio — from the same panel, read alongside creatinine when the question is why it rose. The ratio is a pointer, not a decider.

Cystatin C — a filtration marker independent of muscle mass, brought in when creatinine is hard to trust. NKF notes an eGFR from both markers is more accurate than either alone; it is used alongside creatinine or in place of it, depending on the situation.

Albumin/Creatinine Ratio, Random Urine — detects kidney damage a serum creatinine misses. Creatinine, Random Urine is the same analyte in urine, used to normalize other urine measurements.

Clinical pearls

Creatinine production tracks muscle mass, which is why adult intervals are sex-specific and why the same value means different things in different bodies. NKF notes that a low creatinine can make kidney function look better than it is: someone with very little muscle can carry a normal-looking eGFR alongside reduced filtration.

NKF names six medications that can raise measured creatinine and make a creatinine-based eGFR read low: cimetidine, cobicistat, dolutegravir, fenofibrate, ritonavir and trimethoprim. Mechanism and significance are not the same across all six, so which drug it is matters more than the list.

The race-free 2021 CKD-EPI equation for eGFR was developed by Inker and colleagues and is recommended for US adults by the joint NKF and American Society of Nephrology task force on race in kidney diagnosis. In a March 2023 survey, 65.8% of 3,542 US laboratories reported having adopted it, up from 30.3% the year before.

The UK Renal Association's 2019 guideline recommends assessing renal function in pregnancy using serum creatinine, because estimated GFR is not valid in pregnancy: the equations underestimate measured GFR by up to 20%.

Creatine and creatinine are one letter apart and routinely confused. The International Society of Sports Nutrition's review records that creatine supplementation and creatine-containing foods may raise blood and urinary creatinine, that transient increases of this kind are unlikely to reflect decreased kidney function, and that creatine at recommended doses does not damage healthy kidneys.

Clinical Takeaway

Serum creatinine is a muscle-turnover and dietary-protein waste product the kidneys filter out, so the level reflects production as much as clearance. Adult intervals are sex-specific — Labcorp 0.57 to 1.00 mg/dL for women, 0.76 to 1.27 for men; MedlinePlus 0.5 to 0.95 and 0.7 to 1.3 — and the printed interval governs. Kidney disease raises creatinine, so a result below the interval points away from the kidneys; NKF lists low muscle mass, a meat-free diet, pregnancy, amputation or muscle-wasting disease and severe liver disease without ranking them, and MedlinePlus adds malnutrition. A low value inflates calculated eGFR and can mask reduced filtration where muscle is scarce, which is where cystatin C comes in — an eGFR from both markers being more accurate than either alone. Above the interval, meat, creatine, hard exercise and high muscle mass raise creatinine without a true fall in filtration, whereas dehydration raises it by reducing renal perfusion — a real and generally reversible fall. The six medications NKF names belong to neither group: mechanism and significance differ by drug. Beyond all of it sit reduced clearance, obstruction and muscle breakdown; a rise of 0.3 mg/dL in 48 hours, or to 1.5 times baseline in 7 days, meets a KDIGO creatinine criterion for acute kidney injury, which a high but stable value does not. Quest states that a result inside the reference range does not rule out impaired kidney function, and the eGFR — by the race-free 2021 CKD-EPI equation — is what kidney function is staged from. Pregnancy is the exception: the UK Renal Association guideline states eGFR is not valid in pregnancy, where filtration rises and serum creatinine is used instead.

In one sentence

Creatinine is a muscle waste product your kidneys clear, so a low result points away from the kidneys rather than at them, and a high one is read with your eGFR, your previous results and the things that raise it harmlessly.

Bottom line

Your report shows creatinine, a waste product from muscle breakdown and dietary protein that your kidneys filter out. Adult intervals differ by sex — Labcorp reports 0.57 to 1.00 mg/dL for women, 0.76 to 1.27 for men — and other laboratories differ, so read yours against the interval on your own report.

If your result is low, that points away from your kidneys — kidney disease pushes this number up, not down. Less muscle, a meat-free diet and pregnancy all lower it, and none needs fixing. Raise it with a provider if it is new and your diet, weight and activity have not changed, or if your kidneys are being watched and you have little muscle, since a low creatinine flatters the eGFR.

If your result is mildly high, check the ordinary explanations. A large meat meal, a creatine supplement and hard exercise in the previous day or two can raise it without your kidneys being worse; several common medications raise it too, though what that means differs by drug. Dehydration is different — less blood reaching the kidneys means less filtering, a real drop, though one that generally corrects once you rehydrate.

A markedly high result needs prompt attention whatever is behind it — and it is a rise from your own previous results, not a high number on its own, that defines acute kidney injury. Get seen the same day if you are also passing much less urine, swollen, breathless or confused.

Either way, the figure your clinician will use is the eGFR on the same report, which already adjusts for age and sex — except in pregnancy, where the equations are not valid and the reading belongs with a maternity team. Take both numbers to whoever ordered the test, with any previous results.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What does creatinine measure?

Creatinine is a waste product from the normal breakdown of muscle tissue and from protein in your food, and the test measures how much is in your blood. Because your kidneys filter it out, the level reflects both how much you produce and how well your kidneys clear it. It appears on nearly every metabolic panel and is the figure your laboratory uses to calculate your eGFR.

What is a normal creatinine level?

Adult intervals differ by sex, and Labcorp reports 0.57 to 1.00 mg/dL for women and 0.76 to 1.27 mg/dL for men. Published intervals vary between laboratories: MedlinePlus gives 0.5 to 0.95 mg/dL for women and 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL for men. Use the interval printed on your own report, because that is the one your result was measured against.

Is a low creatinine bad?

Not in itself. Kidney disease raises creatinine rather than lowering it, so a low result is pointing somewhere other than your kidneys, and having less muscle to produce it is one of the explanations. It turns up in smaller-framed people, older adults who have lost muscle with age, vegetarians and vegans, and in pregnancy, where blood volume expands and the kidneys filter faster. None of those needs treating. What does deserve a mention to your provider is a low result that is new when your diet, weight and activity have not changed.

What causes low creatinine?

Low muscle mass is one of them, and the National Kidney Foundation lists it alongside a vegetarian or vegan diet, pregnancy, a history of amputation or muscle-wasting disease, and severe liver disease. MedlinePlus adds malnutrition. Neither source ranks these against each other, and NKF notes that the effect any one of them has on a given person's creatinine is highly variable — so the useful question is which of them applies to you rather than which is commonest. A low result that is new, in someone whose diet, weight and activity have not changed, is worth mentioning to a provider.

What does a creatinine of 0.4 to 0.6 mg/dL mean?

For women that sits at or just below the lower end of Labcorp's interval, and for men it is below it. In both cases lower muscle mass is one of the explanations, none of them a kidney problem, and the number alone does not establish which applies. It is worth a conversation only if it is a new change you cannot account for, or if your kidneys are being monitored and you have little muscle — in which case adding cystatin C gives a more reliable picture than creatinine alone.

Is a creatinine of 0.57 normal?

For an adult woman, yes — 0.57 mg/dL is exactly the lower limit of Labcorp's adult female interval, so a result of 0.57 sits inside the range, at its floor. For an adult man it falls below Labcorp's interval of 0.76 to 1.27 mg/dL, where lower muscle mass is one of the explanations NKF lists and the result alone does not say which applies. Note that the reference band shown for this marker is a single interval, so a man reading his result against it is being compared with the female range.

What does a high creatinine mean?

It means more creatinine is in your blood than the interval for your sex expects, and two different explanations have to be told apart. Cooked meat, creatine supplements, recent hard exercise and high muscle mass can push it up without filtration truly falling, and medications including trimethoprim and cimetidine raise it too, though what that means differs by drug. Dehydration also raises it, but by reducing blood flow to the kidneys — so that number reports a real drop in filtering rather than a distorted measurement, generally a reversible one. When all of those are excluded, a high creatinine reflects the kidneys clearing less than they should, and the eGFR on the same report is the figure to read it with. A markedly high result needs prompt medical review rather than a repeat at the next routine panel. Acute kidney injury is defined by change rather than height — a rise of 0.3 mg/dL within two days, or to one and a half times a recent baseline within a week — so a creatinine that is high but steady is a different question.

What creatinine level indicates kidney disease?

There is no single creatinine value that establishes kidney disease, which is why laboratories report eGFR alongside it. Kidney function is staged from eGFR, not from creatinine, because the same creatinine means different things at different ages, sexes and body compositions. Read the eGFR line on your report, and read your creatinine as a direction across results rather than as a single figure.

Can a normal creatinine still mean kidney problems?

Yes. Quest states that a serum creatinine result within the reference range does not rule out impaired kidney function, because creatinine varies with age, sex and ethnic background. That is the reason eGFR is reported with it. The gap is widest in people with little muscle, where a low creatinine inflates the calculated eGFR — which is why adding cystatin C, a marker that does not depend on muscle, gives a more accurate estimate than creatinine alone.

What is the difference between creatine and creatinine?

Creatine is a compound stored in muscle and sold as a supplement; creatinine is the waste product left when creatine is used for energy. Taking creatine raises measured creatinine, which is why the two get confused on lab reports. The International Society of Sports Nutrition's review concludes that creatine at recommended doses does not cause kidney damage or renal dysfunction in healthy people.

How do I convert creatinine from mg/dL to micromoles per liter?

Multiply by 88.4. A creatinine of 1.1 mg/dL is 97 µmol/L, and 1.3 mg/dL is 115 µmol/L. To go the other way, divide by 88.4: 53 µmol/L is 0.6 mg/dL, and 71 µmol/L is 0.8 mg/dL. United States reports generally use mg/dL while the United Kingdom, Europe and much of the rest of the world use µmol/L, which is why the same result can look like two completely different numbers depending on where it was run. Labcorp's adult intervals convert to 50 to 88 µmol/L for women and 67 to 112 µmol/L for men.

Which medications raise creatinine?

The National Kidney Foundation names cimetidine, cobicistat, dolutegravir, fenofibrate, ritonavir and trimethoprim as medications that can raise measured creatinine and make a creatinine-based eGFR read lower than it should. The mechanism differs between them and so does what the rise means, so which drug you are taking matters more than the fact that it appears on a list. Do not stop a prescribed medicine over a creatinine result — take the result and your medicine list to the prescriber, who can say whether it calls for anything beyond being noted.

What does creatinine SerPl QN mean on my lab report?

It is laboratory shorthand for creatinine measured in serum or plasma, reported quantitatively — the same test described on this page, LOINC 2160-0. SerPl is serum or plasma, and QN means the result is quantitative rather than a positive-or-negative finding. Labels vary between laboratories and patient portals: Creatinine S, S Creatinine, Sr Creatinine, Serum Cr, Creat, Crea and SCr all name this same measurement, so there is nothing different about your test if your report happens to use one of them.

What should I do if my creatinine is low?

A low creatinine is not itself something to treat. Consider whether you have low muscle mass, eat little or no meat, or are pregnant — any of those accounts for it. Raise it with your provider if the low result is new and your diet, weight and activity have not changed, and ask about cystatin C if your kidneys are being monitored and you have little muscle, because a low creatinine makes the calculated eGFR look better than it is. Cystatin C may be used on its own or together with creatinine, and which is preferred depends on why the creatinine is unreliable and on your other health conditions. The National Kidney Foundation notes that an eGFR calculated from both markers is more accurate than one from either alone.

Clinical Sources & References

All our content is backed by peer-reviewed studies, academic research, and trusted medical sources. We’re committed to accuracy and transparency — see our editorial policy for details.

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Article Review Log

Last reviewed September 13, 2026

Originally published September 13, 2026

Reviewed by HealthMatters Editorial Team

Written by Healthmatters Editorial Team

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Serum Creatinine: Low, High and Normal Range by Sex

At a Glance

Where your number sits

What the test measures

Common phrases seen on lab reports

How to read your result

If you remember only one thing

Two people, same result

What this result cannot tell you

Common interpretation mistakes

Questions your doctor may ask

Read together with

Clinical pearls

Clinical Takeaway

In one sentence

Bottom line

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