Urea nitrogen is a waste product. It develops when your body breaks down the protein in the foods you eat. It forms in your liver and travels through your blood to your kidneys, which then filter it out of your blood. It leaves your body through your urine. When your kidneys are healthy, they remove the BUN, usually leaving a small amount of it in the blood. But for the most part, your kidneys get rid of it by flushing it out of your body through urine. When your kidneys are not working well, your BUN level goes up. Over time, this may lead to serious health problems, including high blood pressure, anemia, and heart disease.
Your blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is based on a blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in your blood.
- BUN is a waste product of cell metabolism. You get protein from the food you eat, and it enters the bloodstream from the intestines to be used by cells throughout your body.
- Your cells break protein down into amino acids to build back up into the proteins they need for various processes. This produces nitrogen-containing ammonia as a byproduct, which is excreted into the bloodstream.
- The liver transforms ammonia into urea to make it less toxic and sends the urea out into the bloodstream. Urea is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys.
- If all is going well, there is a continuous amount of urea being produced and being excreted by the kidneys into the urine. The BUN level in the blood is, therefore, stable. If the kidneys are damaged and not functioning properly, urea and the nitrogen it contains are not filtered fully from the blood.
The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures how much urea nitrogen is in your blood. It helps a healthcare provider determine if your kidneys are working as they should.
People with early kidney disease may not have any symptoms. A BUN test can help uncover kidney problems at an early stage when treatment can be more effective.
BUN levels vary according to your age and sex. Abnormal levels may indicate a health condition, including kidney damage.
0-2 years: 4-15
3-16 years: 9-18
17-64 years: 8-22
>64 years: 10-28
Urea nitrogen levels in your blood are one marker that allows healthcare providers to understand how well your kidneys are working. A small amount of urea nitrogen in your blood is normal. If you have too much urea nitrogen in your blood, your kidneys aren’t filtering it properly. You may have a condition that’s affecting your kidneys’ health.
The biomarker Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is part of a standardized blood test panel called the Comprehensive Metabolic panel (CMP). This panel is usually performed at your biannual health check up.
Your health care professional might also perform this test if you:
a) have symptoms of kidney disease, such as urinary changes, swelling in your arms or legs, muscle cramps, or frequent episodes of fatigue, or
b) if you have a higher risk of kidney disease because of diabetes, cardiovascular problems, or a family history of kidney disease.
c) need to monitor for side effects when you begin a new medication that can affect the kidneys.
Your doctor may also test how well your kidneys are removing waste from the blood. To do this, you may have a blood sample taken to calculate your estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR estimates the percentage of kidney function you have.
You may need a BUN test for other reasons. Depending on your overall health, it may be part of a routine health check to find out how your kidneys are working. If you need dialysis or medicine for kidney function, you may have the test to check the health of your kidneys before the procedure, after the procedure, or both. BUN tests are also routine during hospital stays for certain conditions.
- Family of kidney problems
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
Your provider may check your BUN levels if you are having symptoms of later stage kidney disease, such as:
- Needing to urinate more often or less often than usual
- Itching
- Fatigue
- Swelling in your legs, feet, or ankles
- Muscle cramps
- Trouble sleeping
A BUN test is only one type of measurement of kidney function. If your provider thinks you may have kidney disease, you may need other tests.
These may include tests to measure:
- Creatinine, which is another waste product that your kidneys remove from your body
- GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate), which estimates how well your kidneys are filtering blood
Your BUN levels might rise even if your kidneys are working as they should for many reasons. These include:
- A high-protein diet
- Steroid use
- Dehydration
- Burn injuries
- Aging
This is why the ratio of BUN levels to creatinine levels is a more reliable measure of kidney health.
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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and urea are related but not exactly the same. Here’s the distinction?
- Urea is a chemical compound with the formula (NH2)2CO.
- It is a waste product formed in the liver through the urea cycle, which converts ammonia, a byproduct of protein metabolism, into urea.
- Urea is then transported to the kidneys via the bloodstream, where it is excreted in urine.
- BUN is a measurement of the nitrogen portion of urea in the blood.
- The BUN test is used to evaluate kidney function. Higher levels of BUN indicate that the kidneys may not be filtering urea properly.
- The term 'nitrogen' in BUN refers specifically to the nitrogen atom that is part of the urea molecule.
In summary, BUN is a specific measure of the nitrogen content in urea found in the blood, while urea itself is the actual compound that contains nitrogen.
Testing.com: OneCare Media; c2022. Blood Urea Nitrogen - https://www.testing.com/tests/blood-urea-nitrogen-bun/
Lyman JL. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Emerg Med Clin North Am - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3516645
Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998-2022. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test - http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-urea-nitrogen/home/ovc-20211239
Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; c1998-2022. Chronic Kidney Disease - https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Blood Tests - https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood-tests
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Kidney Disease - https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; National Kidney Disease Education Program: Your Kidney Test Results - https://www.niddk.nih.gov/-/media/Files/Health-Information/Health-Professionals/Kidney-Disease/Your_Kidney_Test_Results_EN.pdf
National Kidney Foundation. New York: National Kidney Foundation Inc., c2022. About Chronic Kidney Disease - https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/aboutckd
National Kidney Foundation. New York: National Kidney Foundation Inc., c2022. Understanding Lab Values - https://www.kidney.org/kidneydisease/understandinglabvalues
University of Rochester Medical Center: University of Rochester Medical Center; c2022. Health Encyclopedia: Blood Urea Nitrogen - https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=urea_nitrogen_serum
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Basic Metabolic Panel - https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003462.htm
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. BUN – Blood Test - https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003474.htm
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel - https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003468.htm
American Board of Internal Medicine. ABIM Laboratory Test Reference Ranges - https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf
Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I. Renal Function Tests. In: StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/
Hosten AO. Chapter 193: BUN and Creatinine. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Third Edition. 1990 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305/
Inker LA, Perrone RD. Assessment of Kidney Function. In: Sterns RH, ed. UpToDate - https://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessment-of-kidney-function
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) - https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/bun-blood-urea-nitrogen/
MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) - https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/comprehensive-metabolic-panel-cmp/
Seki M, Nakayama M, Sakoh T, et al. Blood urea nitrogen is independently associated with renal outcomes in Japanese patients with stage 3-5 chronic kidney disease: a prospective observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):115. doi:10.1186/s12882-019-1306-1
Tomizawa M, Shinozaki F, Hasegawa R, et al. Patient characteristics with high or low blood urea nitrogen in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(24):7500-5. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7500
Jujo K, Minami Y, Haruki S, et al. Persistent high blood urea nitrogen level is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients with acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail. 2017;4(4):545-553. doi:10.1002/ehf2.12188
American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Blood Urea Nitrogen, Lab Tests Online.
Laura J. Martin, MD, BUN - blood test, MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Types of Blood Tests.
A high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level means your kidneys may not be clearing urea - a waste product from protein metabolism - as efficiently as they should, or that your body is producing excess urea due to increased protein breakdown. BUN is a useful signal, but it is not specific on its own. Doctors always interpret it alongside other markers to understand the underlying cause.
BUN can rise for many reasons, including:
Dehydration (one of the most common causes)
High-protein diet or increased protein breakdown
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Severe infection, burns, trauma, or surgery
Medications such as corticosteroids, tetracyclines, or diuretics
Heart failure or conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys
Kidney disease, both acute and chronic
If BUN rises to very high levels, you may notice:
Swelling in the legs, hands, or face
Fatigue or weakness
Itching or dry skin
Muscle cramps
Nausea or poor appetite
Changes in urine frequency or volume
These symptoms usually appear later in the course of kidney dysfunction.
Creatinine is the most important companion marker.
Both BUN and creatinine elevated: Suggests kidney dysfunction (acute or chronic), reduced kidney perfusion, or severe dehydration.
High BUN with normal creatinine: More likely due to dehydration, high protein intake, GI bleeding, steroid use, or increased catabolism.
This ratio helps identify why BUN is high.
>20:1 (high ratio): Often dehydration, GI bleed, heart failure, shock, or high-protein intake.
Normal ratio (10–20:1) with both elevated: Likely intrinsic kidney disease.
Low ratio: Possible liver disease, malnutrition, or overhydration.
Low eGFR + high BUN strongly suggests reduced kidney filtration (CKD or AKI).
Normal eGFR + high BUN typically points to non-kidney causes such as dehydration, protein load, GI bleeding, or medications.
Kidney dysfunction often affects electrolytes:
High potassium (hyperkalemia) + high BUN: Possible advanced CKD or reduced kidney perfusion.
Low sodium (hyponatremia) may occur in heart failure or overhydration.
Metabolic acidosis (low CO2/bicarbonate): Common in chronic or acute kidney injury.
Because urea is produced in the liver:
High BUN + abnormal liver markers may indicate combined liver–kidney involvement.
Low BUN + poor liver function suggests reduced urea production due to liver dysfunction.
These can help confirm kidney disease:
Proteinuria or albuminuria + high BUN: Damage to kidney filtering units (glomeruli).
Hematuria: Possible glomerulonephritis or infection.
Anemia + high BUN: Suggests chronic kidney disease, as the kidneys also help regulate red blood cell production.
High BUN + low hemoglobin may also indicate GI bleeding.
Treatment depends entirely on the cause—not just the number. Below are common approaches:
Increase water intake
IV fluids if severe
Avoid excess caffeine or diuretics unless medically needed
Expected effect: BUN often normalizes quickly.
Reduce excessive protein intake
Address causes of catabolism (infection, fever, trauma, hyperthyroidism)
Review supplements (e.g., protein shakes, creatine)
Identify and treat the bleeding source
Medications to reduce stomach acid
Endoscopic treatment if needed
Note: GI bleeding can dramatically raise BUN even when kidneys are normal.
Control blood pressure (ACE inhibitors/ARBs are often first-line)
Tight blood sugar control if diabetic
Manage electrolytes
Reduce sodium intake
Treat underlying causes such as obstruction, autoimmune disease, or infection
Avoid nephrotoxic medications (NSAIDs, contrast dyes where possible)
Optimize heart failure treatment (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers)
Reduce fluid overload
Manage blood pressure and vascular health
If steroids, tetracyclines, diuretics, or other drugs are contributing:
Adjust dosage or switch medications if appropriate
Discuss with your doctor before making any changes
If kidney function declines significantly:
Dialysis may be necessary
Address anemia, bone health, and electrolyte imbalances caused by CKD
Monitoring BUN over time - alongside creatinine, eGFR, electrolytes, and urinalysis - can:
Detect early kidney stress
Distinguish hydration issues from true kidney disease
Guide dietary changes and medication adjustments
Help evaluate the severity of existing kidney conditions
Import lab results from multiple providers, track changes over time, customize your reference ranges, and get clear explanations for each result. Everything is stored securely, exportable in one organized file, and shareable with your doctor—or anyone you choose.
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Lower-than-normal BUN levels can be caused by several factors, including:
Overhydration (excess fluid intake)
Low-protein diet, malnutrition, or prolonged starvation
Liver dysfunction or liver failure
Depending on your specific test results, your healthcare provider may recommend additional testing to confirm a diagnosis or determine the best course of treatment. Other values within a Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) can provide valuable context when interpreting a low BUN level.
It's important to understand that BUN levels are just one piece of a larger puzzle. They should always be interpreted in relation to your overall health, symptoms, and other lab results. While the typical reference range for BUN is about 7 to 20 mg/dL, this can vary slightly between laboratories based on testing methods.
BUN alone is not a reliable indicator of kidney function. It is typically assessed alongside other markers—especially creatinine—to get a clearer picture of how well the kidneys are working. Because many factors can influence BUN, further evaluation is often necessary to determine the root cause of an abnormal result.
For the most accurate interpretation and personalized advice, discuss your BUN results with your doctor.
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Easily upload lab results from any provider, whether it's a hospital, independent lab, or home testing service. We support PDFs, scanned documents, and JPEGs from patient portals. No need to log in to multiple platforms — everything is centralized in one secure space.
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Whether it's a blood test, GI panel, urinalysis, or something else, lab reports measure numerous biomarkers that reveal what's happening inside your body. Our extensive database covers over 10,000 biomarkers, providing clear, simple explanations of what each result means and how you can take action—no matter your membership level. Say goodbye to confusion and get the insights you need to better understand your health.
Our database covers over 10,000 biomarkers with clear, simple explanations—so you can finally understand your results and what to do next.
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See your lab reports in clear graphs and tables. Spot patterns, track changes, and compare results over time — all in one place.
After collecting lab results from different providers, you can download your entire history combined into a single file. Choose from PDF, Excel, or CSV formats to easily review, share, or get a second opinion—no more juggling multiple reports.
After collecting lab results from different providers, you can download your entire history combined into a single file.
Our inclusive service handles the data entry for your lab reports. Just submit your information and we'll take care of the rest. Complete plan members receive one report entered for free, then $15 per report after that. Unlimited plan members receive ten report entries for free, then $15 per report after that.
Our inclusive service handles the data entry for your lab reports. Just submit your information and we'll take care of the rest.
Whether you're working with a doctor, nutritionist, caregiver, or wellness coach, you can securely share your complete lab history by sending an invite link to anyone you trust. You have full control over who sees your information and for how long, ensuring your privacy and peace of mind at every step.
Share your full lab history with your doctor, nutritionist, or coach using a secure invite link.
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Healthmatters is a personal health dashboard that helps you organize and understand your lab results. It collects and displays your medical test data from any lab in one secure, easy-to-use platform.
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Healthmatters.io personal account provides in-depth research on 4000+ biomarkers, including information and suggestions for test panels such as, but not limited to:
You can combine all test reports inside your Healthmatters account and keep them in one place. It gives you an excellent overview of all your health data. Once you retest, you can add new results and compare them.
If you are still determining whether Healthmatters support your lab results, the rule is that if you can test it, you can upload it to Healthmatters.
While we work with many popular labs, we welcome reports from lots of other places too.
It's as simple as this: if you can get a test done, you can upload it to Healthmatters and we can interpret results from any lab out there. If laboratories can analyze it, we can interpret it.
If you're on the hunt for a specific biomarker, contact us and we'll add it to our database. Anything from blood, urine, saliva, or stool can be uploaded, understood, and tracked with your Healthmatters account.
The Complete Plan ($15/month) is perfect for individuals who want ongoing access to their health data. It includes unlimited lab imports, visual tracking, custom ranges, result explanations, full account exports, and secure sharing — all with a simple monthly subscription. You can cancel anytime and restart your plan whenever you're ready — your data will still be there waiting for you. You can also upgrade to the Unlimited Plan at any time, with the cost prorated based on what you've already paid.
The Unlimited Plan ($250 one-time) is also designed for individuals but offers lifetime access with no ongoing subscription. You'll get all the same features as the Complete Plan, plus a larger initial data entry allowance (10 reports), making it a great choice if you prefer a one-time payment and long-term use without monthly fees.
In short:
There are two ways to add your test reports to your Healthmatters account. One option is to input the data using the data entry forms. The other method is to utilize our "Data entry service."
Our data entry forms offer an easy, fast, and free way for you to input the reports yourself. Self-entry allows you to add an unlimited number of reports at no cost. We make the self-entry process user-friendly, providing dozens of templates that pre-populate the most popular laboratory panels and offering instant feedback on entered values.
For those who prefer assistance, we offer a "Data entry service" to help you input your data. Simply attach an image or file of your lab test results, and a qualified team member from our data entry team will add the results for you.
We support various file types, including PDFs, JPGs, or Excel. This service is particularly useful if you have many reports to upload or if you're too busy to handle the data entry yourself.
Our Data Entry Service is for when you don't want to manually type in your lab results yourself. You simply upload your report (PDF, image, or screenshot), and our trained team enters the information into your Healthmatters account for you — accurately and neatly organized, ready to view in graphs, tables, and timelines.
The $15 per report covers the time and care it takes for a real person to review your file, make sure each result is entered correctly, and double-check for accuracy. This ensures your health data is precise and easy to work with — without you having to spend the time doing it yourself.
Prefer to do it yourself? You can always use our free self-entry tool to add results manually — it just takes a bit more time and attention.
For users on the Complete monthly plan, the first report is entered free of charge, and each additional report incurs a fee of $15.
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All professional accounts allow you to import and onboard an unlimited number of clients and their lab results. The distinction between professional plans lies solely in the data entry service.
The Pro Monthly Plus plan is priced at $75 per month and includes a data entry service for five reports each month. Additional reports can be self-entered at no extra cost or, if preferred, you can use our data entry service for an additional fee of $15 per report.
The Pro Monthly plan is priced at $45 per month and does not include a data entry service. Self-entry is free for an unlimited number of reports, and you can opt for the data entry service at a fee of $15 per report.
You also have the option to upgrade to higher monthly or to annual plans, which come with substantial discounts. All upgrades can be done directly from your account.
Simply log in and navigate to your account settings to cancel your subscription. Scroll down to locate the 'Cancel' button at the bottom of the page. Ensure you cancel at least one day before the renewal date to prevent any charges. Once cancellation is requested, the subscription remains active until the conclusion of the current billing cycle.
Our goal has been to make your Healthmatters account as intuitive as possible.
We've crafted multiple ways for you to navigate your data, whether you're glancing at a single report or delving into your historical test reports.
1. Graph View:Dive into a visual journey with our biomarker graphs, showcasing over 40 data points. Combining years of results unveils trends, empowering you to make informed decisions. Our visualization tools make it a breeze to compare and understand changes over time, even if your results are from different labs. A search function and filters simplify the exploration of extensive data, allowing you to focus on what needs attention.
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Yes, you can! We highly recommend activating Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for your account. To do so, please navigate to the "Profile and Security" section of your account, where you will find instructions for activating 2FA.
Yes, you can. When entering values for the biomarker, you will see an "Edit Range" button. Click this button, and you'll have the option to enter a custom range.
A personal account is all about keeping your own lab test results in check. It's just for you and your personal use.
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To learn more about Healthmatters Pro, please refer to the professional page.
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